15 research outputs found
Intracellular Phospholipase A1 and Acyltransferase, Which Are Involved in Caenorhabditis elegans Stem Cell Divisions, Determine the sn-1 Fatty Acyl Chain of Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is unique in the abundance of stearic acid at the sn-1 position. This fatty acid is thought to be incorporated through fatty acid remodeling. Here, we identified a phospholipase and acyltransferases involved in the fatty acid remodeling at the sn-1 position of PI and provide a link between the sn-1 fatty acid of PI and asymmetric cell division
Sequence Contexts That Determine the Pathogenicity of Base Substitutions at Position+3 of Donor Splice-Sites
Variations at position +3 of 5' splice-sites (5'ss) are reported to induce aberrant splicing in some cases but not in others suggesting that the overall nucleotidic environment can dictate the extent to which 5'ss are correctly selected. Functional studies of three variations identified in donor splice-sites of USH2A and PCDH15 genes sustain this assumption. To gain insights into this question, we compared the nucleotidic context of U2-dependent 5'ss naturally deviated (+3G, +3C, or +3T) from the +3A consensus with 5'ss for which a +3 variation (A>G, A>C, or A>T) was shown to induce aberrant splicing. Statistical differences were found between the two datasets, highlighting the role of one peculiar position in each context (+3G/+4A; +3C/-1G; and +3T/-1G). We provided experimental support to the biostatistical results through the analysis of a series of artificial mutants in reporter minigenes. Moreover, different 5' end-mutated U1 snRNA expression plasmids were used to investigate the importance of the position +3 and of the two identified compensatory positions -1 and +4 in the recognition of 5'ss by the U1 snRNP Overall, our findings establish general properties useful to Molecular geneticists to identify nucleotide substitutions at position +3 that are more likely to alter splicin
Survey of the frequency of USH1 gene mutations in a cohort of Usher patients shows the importance of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 genes and establishes a detection rate of above 90%.
BACKGROUND: Usher syndrome, a devastating recessive disorder which combines hearing loss with retinitis pigmentosa, is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. Usher syndrome type 1 (USH1) is the most severe form, characterised by profound congenital hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To describe an efficient protocol which has identified the mutated gene in more than 90% of a cohort of patients currently living in France. RESULTS: The five genes currently known to cause USH1 (MYO7A, USH1C, CDH23, PCDH15, and USH1G) were tested for. Disease causing mutations were identified in 31 of the 34 families referred: 17 in MYO7A, 6 in CDH23, 6 in PCDH15, and 2 in USH1C. As mutations in genes other than myosin VIIA form nearly 50% of the total, this shows that a comprehensive approach to sequencing is required. Twenty nine of the 46 identified mutations were novel. In view of the complexity of the genes involved, and to minimise sequencing, a protocol for efficient testing of samples was developed. This includes a preliminary linkage and haplotype analysis to indicate which genes to target. It proved very useful and demonstrated consanguinity in several unsuspected cases. In contrast to CDH23 and PCDH15, where most of the changes are truncating mutations, myosin VIIA has both nonsense and missense mutations. Methods for deciding whether a missense mutation is pathogenic are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic testing for USH1 is feasible with a high rate of detection and can be made more efficient by selecting a candidate gene by preliminary linkage and haplotype analysis
Analyse détaillée de 27 mois de fonctionnement de 6 zones de rejet végétalisée (ZRVs) de taille semi-industrielle : Projet BIOTRYTIS
Les Zones de Rejet VĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©es (ZRV) sont des amĂ©nagements placĂ©s entre la station de traitement des eaux usĂ©es et le milieu rĂ©cepteur. Les besoins en rĂšgles de conception et dâexploitation sont Ă lâorigine du projet BIOTRYTIS menĂ© par Irstea et financĂ© par lâAFB, lâAgence de lâeau Adour-Garonne et Bordeaux MĂ©tropole. Le site expĂ©rimental a Ă©tĂ© construit dans le cadre de ce projet Ă BĂšgles et comprend 6 ZRV de taille semi-industrielle de 3 types diffĂ©rents (« prairie », « fossĂ© » et « autres ») alimentĂ©es par deux types dâeaux usĂ©es, et Ă©quipĂ©es spĂ©cifiquement pour rĂ©aliser des prĂ©lĂšvements dâeau et de solides (dĂ©pĂŽts, sols, vĂ©gĂ©taux). Il a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© finement pendant 27 mois, entre fin septembre 2015 et jusquâĂ la fin 2017, en vue de dĂ©terminer lâefficacitĂ© des diffĂ©rents types de ZRV et lâinfluence du type dâeau appliquĂ©e, et aboutir aux performances dâĂ©limination des compartiments eau, sol et plantes. Le site expĂ©rimental unique en France a fait lâobjet dâexpĂ©rimentations rĂ©guliĂšres telles que la caractĂ©risation des dĂ©bits et Ă©coulements dans le sol, la dĂ©termination du devenir des polluants (paramĂštres majeurs, micropolluants, bactĂ©riologie) dans lâeau de surface et dans le sol, et lâĂ©tude dâun indicateur lipidique pour Ă©valuer le stress des vĂ©gĂ©taux Ă la pollution. Ce rapport fait suite au rapport de description dĂ©taillĂ©e du site expĂ©rimental publiĂ© en 2015 et aux diffĂ©rents rapports dâavancement internes au projet.Lorsque le temps de sĂ©jour est faible (moins dâune journĂ©e), les concentrations des paramĂštres physico-chimiques majeurs (DCO, MES, COT, ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, phosphore total), dâEscherichia coli et de la plupart des mĂ©taux et micropolluants organiques varient peu au passage de lâeau en surface des ZRV alimentĂ©es par lâeau nitrifiĂ©e. Seules les concentrations en aluminium et de quelques substances organiques (gemfibrozil, ritonavir, atĂ©nolol, diclofĂ©nac, gabapentine, nonylphĂ©nol) diminuent parfois de 50%. On note une augmentation des concentrations pour quelques pharmaceutiques et pour des molĂ©cules connues pour ĂȘtre des produits de dĂ©gradation (ex. estrone, NP1EC, PFOS). LâefficacitĂ© est plus marquĂ©e pour les ZRV alimentĂ©es par lâeau non-nitrifiĂ©e (eau plus concentrĂ©e en MES, DCO, nitrites, micropolluants biotransformables), toutefois lâeau sortant de ces ZRV reste de moins bonne qualitĂ© que lâeau ayant subi une Ă©tape de nitrification. Le rĂŽle des ZRV Ă©tudiĂ© Ă principalement consistĂ© en la rĂ©duction des flux polluants par lâinfiltration dans le sol. Contenant une fraction argileuse, le sol Ă©tudiĂ© a retenu 70 % des phosphates, 50 % de lâammonium, le lithium et le rubidium, certains micropolluants organiques (hormones, alkylphĂ©nols et pharmaceutiques, certains pesticides). Les concentrations de plusieurs mĂ©taux dissous (manganĂšse, uranium, vanadium, cadmium) ont augmentĂ© lors du passage de lâeau dans le sol ou proche de certaines zones plus contaminĂ©es (relargage par le sol). Le suivi expĂ©rimental a dĂ©terminĂ© des infiltrations moyennes infĂ©rieures Ă une dizaine de mm/h, diffĂ©renciĂ©es selon les endroits dans le sol, et maintenues au cours des trois ans de fonctionnement, ce qui sâexplique par un dĂ©veloppement racinaire en profondeur. Dans le cas dâarrivĂ©es accidentelles de matiĂšres en suspension dans les mois ayant suivi la plantation des vĂ©gĂ©taux, nous avons constatĂ© un faible dĂ©veloppement racinaire dans le sol, et donc Ă une moindre infiltration. Il est recommandĂ© de suivre la composition de lâeau du sol de façon Ă dĂ©terminer le moment oĂč les sites dâadsorption du sol sont saturĂ©s. La durĂ©e de lâĂ©tude ne permettait pas de se concentrer sur ce point. Concernant les ZRV « autres » Ă©tanchĂ©es et remplies de matĂ©riaux rĂ©actifs (adsorbants), le charbon actif en grain a confirmĂ© les trĂšs bonnes performances pour les orthophosphates, lâammonium, le COT, plusieurs mĂ©taux (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn, Pb, Se, U et V) et de nombreux micropolluants organiques (hormones, alkylphĂ©nols, pesticides, pharmaceutiques, perfluorĂ©s). Les ZRV garnies de zĂ©olite et dâargile expansĂ©e ont montrĂ© des performances intĂ©ressantes bien quâinfĂ©rieures Ă celles du charbon actif. La zĂ©olite a peu dâeffet sur les orthophosphates et lâammonium, et prĂ©sente mĂȘme des relargages aprĂšs 18 mois de fonctionnement. Lâargile expansĂ©e a retenu 40 % de phosphates et 20% de lâammonium. Ces matĂ©riaux ont adsorbĂ© certains mĂ©taux (zĂ©olite : Ba, Sr et U ; argile expansĂ©e : Cu, Fe, et Zn). Lâargile expansĂ©e a retenu partiellement plusieurs micropolluants organiques (hormones, pharmaceutiques, pesticides). Il est vivement recommandĂ© de suivre rĂ©guliĂšrement les performances de ces procĂ©dĂ©s, notamment pour dĂ©terminer lorsquâil est nĂ©cessaire de renouveler les matĂ©riaux rĂ©actifs
Ătude de la qualitĂ© des milieux terrestres : caractĂ©risation des impacts Ă©cotoxiques dans les sols
National audienceĂtude de la qualitĂ© des milieux terrestres : caractĂ©risation des impacts Ă©cotoxiques dans les sol
Ătude de la qualitĂ© des milieux terrestres : caractĂ©risation des impacts Ă©cotoxiques dans les sols
National audienceĂtude de la qualitĂ© des milieux terrestres : caractĂ©risation des impacts Ă©cotoxiques dans les sol
Démarche statistique pour la sélection des indicateurs par Random Forests pour la surveillance de la qualité des sols
The volume of data, and the large number of biological variables to be tested (one hundred), require analytical techniques, such as Random Forests, which can overcome the problem of multi-colinearity for the selection of indicators, sensitive to various factors. Random Forests methodology is appropriate for the selection of the most discriminant variables. So, we searched for the best way to select them, by bringing together all biological variables, representing the Microflora and Fauna. This approach focuses on impact indicators from the Bio2 program, indicators of flora and indicators of accumulation (snails) were not included. This work has been implemented on the three factors of discriminationâ: land use, metallic contamination levels and organic contamination levels. We grouped the most discriminating variables from each RF analysis. Linear discriminant analysis was then implemented for each factor, in order to develop a predictive model
Démarche statistique pour la sélection des indicateurs par Random Forests pour la surveillance de la qualité des sols
International audienc
The yeast acyltransferase Sct1p regulates fatty acid desaturation by competing with the desaturase Ole1p
The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase Sct1p/Gat2p is shown to regulate fatty acyl chain desaturation by competing with the fatty acid desaturase Ole1p for C16:0-CoA. The activity of Sct1p depends on the level of expression and the phosphorylation state. The acyltransferase Cst26p regulates the phosphorylation of Sct1p
Gene structure and mutant alleles of PCDH15: nonsyndromic deafness DFNB23 and type 1 Usher syndrome.
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