Detection of equine arteritis virus in the semen of stallions in the republic of Serbia

The results on serological testing of blood sera from stallions and mares used for breeding and the presence of the viral genome of Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) in stallion semen are presented. The blood and semen samples were taken from a horse stable on the territory of the Republic of Serbia during 2012, 2013 and 2014. Detection of anti-EAV specific antibodies in blood sera was performed by the virus neutralization test (VNT), and identification of EAV genome RNA in stallion semen was done by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In 2012, high seroprevalence of EAV was detected in the investigated stable. In total, 45% and 65 % of stallions and mares reacted positive, respectively, and the antibody titre values ranged between 2 and 10 log 2. High seroprevalence was confirmed in the same animals again in 2013. Out of two stallions tested semen samples in 2013, the viral genome was detected by RT-PCR in 3 examined semen samples from a seropositive stallion, while EAV was not detected in 3 semen samples of a seronegative stallion. During 2014, 11 semen samples were collected from two seropositive stallions. Again, the presence of EAV was confirmed by RT-PCR in all 8 semen samples originating from the same stallion with the EAV genome positive semen result in 2013, whereas the virus was not detected in semen samples originating from the second anti-EAV antibody positive stallion. The presence of EAV-specific antibodies was confirmed in the blood sera of the mares inseminated with the semen of seropositive stallions in 2012 and 2013

Technical solution for use of gas turbine exhaust gases in the existing steam boilers in MSK Kikinda

U okviru energetike Metanolsko-sirćetnog kompleksa u Kikindi nalaze se, pored procesnog kotla i ostale prateće opreme, tri jednaka parna kotla proizvodnje 'Minel-Kotlogradnja' koji su predviđeni za sagorevanje prirodnog gasa, mazuta i procesnih gasova. U cilju povećanja energetskog kapaciteta energane MSK Kikinda predviđena je ugradnja jedne gasne turbine snage 14 MW. S obzirom da izduvni gasovi iz gasne turbine imaju relativno visoku temperaturu i veliku količinu neiskorišćenog kiseonika iz vazduha, predviđeno je da se oni podele na dve jednake struje i da se uvedu u dva postojeća parna kotla produkcije od po 16,67 kg/s (60 t/h). Da bi se iskoristila ova toplota izduvnih gasova, kao i kiseonik sadržan u njima, neophodno je prvo zameniti postojeće gorionike i izvršiti neophodne rekonstrukcije grejnih površina u vertikalnom konvektivnom gasnom kanalu parnog kotla. Osim toga potrebno je proveriti da li postojeći ventilator za dimne gasove može da zadovolji novi režim rada pri kome se u jedan kotao uvodi polovina izduvnih gasova turbine. .Within the energy system in Methanol & Acetic acid Complex (MSK) in Kikinda, beside process boiler and auxiliary equipment, there are three identical steam boilers made by 'Minel Kotlogradnja', provided for combustion of natural gas, fuel oil, and process gases. To increase capacity of the power plant in MSK Kikinda, installation of one 14 MW gas turbine is planed. Since the exhaust gases are at the relatively high temperature and contain large quantity of oxygen, it is specified to split exhaust gas into two equal streams and introduce them into two existing steam boilers, each having production of 16,67 kg/s (60 t/h). In order to use heat as well as oxygen from the exhaust gases in the existing boilers, it is necessary to replace the existing burners and to reconstruct heat exchangers in the vertical convective gas channel. Besides, it is necessary to verify if the existing flue gases fan can comply with the new operating regime, during which a half of the turbine exhaust gas is introduced into the steam boiler.

Pathways for transfer and spreading of Aujeszky’s disease to carnivora

Aujeszky’s disease (Morbus Aujeszky) is an acute viral contagious disease occurring in a large number of domestic and wild animals. This epizootiological disease has been present in our country for quite some time now, and it has been increasingly frequently diagnosed in carnivora in the recent years. The objective of the investigations was to determine and establish the pathways for the transfer and the manner of spreading of the MA virus to carnivora. Epizootiological data on the appearance of MA, collected in the field, as well as an epizootiological report by the Serbian Ministry of Agriculture and of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture were used as material. Detailed epizootiological, clinical, pathomorphological, and laboratory analyses were performed in five critical spots for MA registered in the territory of Vojvodina province. We established the following pathways for the spread of the MA viral infection to carnivora: the consumption of thermally unprocessed swine carcasses, the consumption of thermally unprocessed pork originating from butcher shops or from regular slaughter on private farms, the consumption of viscera from emergency slaughtered sheep, cohabitation and contact with infected swine, and vaccination using a live vaccine contaminated with the MA virus

Determination of specific antibodies titre to salmonella enteritidis by elisa technique in several selected flocks of laying hens

In this paper, the antibody titre to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was examined by the ELISA method in two flocks of laying hens, where during routine bacteriological investigations Salmonellae was never isolated, and in one flock where Colysepticemia was diagnosed and Salmonella isolated accidentally. In the flocks were Salmonellae were not isolated, a titre with a high level of specific antibodies to SE was discovered (15 and 45%), while the flock with accidental findings of SE was poorly positive (5%). These results point to the necessity of introducing serological monitoring to SE so that the infection of salmonella may be discovered early and the prevalence in the flock determined, and also for the purpose of applying adequate measures that could reduce the possibility of secretion of SE through eggs

Investigations of influence of colostral antibodies on development of pathomorphological changes following experimental infection of piglets with classical swine plague virus

The pathomorphological changes established following infection with the virus of classical swine plague in non-immune individuals are well known. However, piglets present a problem from the clinical-pathological aspect, in which this virus can be multiplied in spite of established colostral antibodies, but without the exhibiting of the clinical symptoms characteristic for the disease. The question of the characteristics of the pathomorphological finding is raised in the event of the breakdown of the colostral immunity of the piglets. With the objective of determining the influence of colostral antibodies on the development of pathomorphological changes in classical swine plague, piglets aged 28, 35, 44, and 54 days, originating from sows that had received a vaccine of the K-strain of the classical swine plague virus, were experimentally infected with a virulent variety of this virus (Becker strain). The control group comprised non-vaccinated animals originating from non-vaccinated sows. Following the death and/or sacrificing of the piglets in the experiment, a pathomorphological examination was performed of all organic systems and the presence of classical swine plague virus antigens was established in organs and tissues of piglets using the immunoenzyme (ELISA) test. Even though clinical signs characteristic for this disease were not found in all animals following artificial infection, the pathomorphological findings following death and/or sacrificing indicated a successful experimental infection and was typical for the acute course of classical swine plague. Bleeding was established in most organs and serous membranes (haemorrhagic diathesis). However, certain variations were also established regarding the expression and distribution of the pathomorphological changes in certain animals

Mogućnost upotrebe rt-pcr tehnike u utvrđivanju prisustva virusa goveđe virusne dijareje u spermi priplodnih bikova

The bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus is a significant health-economic pathogen in cattle which can be excreted and spread also through sperm of persistently or acutely infected bulls. Native sperm of 6 bulls, found to be negative to the BVD virus by isolating the virus and using the RT-PCR method, was experimentally infected with a tenfold dilution of the non-cytopathogen 22146 strain of the BVD virus with a titer of 105,5. This way, dilutions of the BVD virus from 10-1 to 10-6 (5 x 104 TCID/50 do 0,5 TCID/50 in 0.1 ml native sperm were obtained. From sperm infected in this way, the virus was reisolated on FTB cell culture in a microtiter plate with 96 pools in which each sample of the infected sperm was set up in three samples, and each of them was titrated to a dilution of 1:2 to 1:256. The presence of the BVD virus was proven using the technique of fluorescent antibodies in a second blind passage on FTB culture cells. For cell culture an extremely toxic effect of native sperm to a dilution of 1:64 was established. The BVD virus was reisolated from sperm in all three sperm samples with 5 x 104, 5 x 103 i 5 x 102 TCID/50, and it was not reisolated from sperm with 50, with 5, and with 0.5 TCID/50 BVD virus in 0.1 ml native sperm. At the same time, the presence of the BVD viral genome was proved using the RT-PCR method in the same samples of artificially infected native sperm of bulls. A positive re suit was established in native sperm with 5 x 104, 5 x 103, 5 x 102 and 50 TCID/50 BVD virus n 0.1 ml native sperm. The experiment proved that the RT-PCR method has advantages over the isolation of the BVD virus from samples of native sperm of bulls. These are: shortterm investigations (1 to 2 days) and greater sensitivity (10 times bigger than the isolation of the virus). The isolation of the virus takes at least 10 days, and its greater sensitivity is primarily a result of the cyrotoxic effect of native sperm of bulls on cell culture.Virus goveđe virusne dijareje (BVD-a) je značajan zdravstvenoekonomski patogen kod goveda koji može da se izlučuje i širi i putem sperme trajno i akutno inficiranih bikova. Nativna sperma šest bikova, za koju je izolacijom virusa i RT-PCR metodom utvrđeno da je negativna na BVD virus, eksperimentalno je inokulisana desetostrukim razređenjima necitopatogenim 22146 sojem BVD virusa titra 105,5. Na ovaj način dobijena su razređenja BVD virusa od 10-1 do 10-6 (5 x 104 TCID/50 do 0,5 TCID/50 BVD virusa) u 0,1 ml nativne sperme. Iz ovako inokulisane sperme obavljena je reizolacija virusa na kulturi ćelija FTB u mikrotitar ploči sa 96 bazenčića, u kojoj je svaki uzorak inficirane sperme postavljen u tri primerka, a svaki od njih je titriran od razređenja 1:2 do 1:256. Prisustvo BVD virusa je dokazano tehnikom fluorescentnih antitela u drugoj slepoj pasaži na kulturi ćelija FTB. Za kulturu ćelija je utvrđen izrazito toksičan efekat nativne sperme do razređenja 1:64. Virus BVD-a je reizolovan iz sperme u sva tri primerka uzoraka sperme sa 5 x 104, 5 x 103 i 5 x 102 TCID/50, a nije reizolovan iz sperme sa 50, sa 5 i sa 0,5 TCID/50 BVD virusa u 0,1 ml nativne sperme. Istovremeno izvedeno je dokazivanje prisustva BVD virusnog genoma RT-PCR metodom u istim uzorcima virusom inokulisane nativne sperme bikova. Pozitivan rezultat je utvrđen u nativnoj spermi sa 5 x 104, 5 x 103, 5 x 102 i 50 TCID/50 BVD virusa u 0,1 ml nativne sperme. Eksperiment je ukazao da RT-PCR metoda ima prednosti u odnosu na izolaciju BVD virusa iz uzoraka nativne sperme bikova. To su: brzina ispitivanja (jedan do dva dana) i veća osetljivost (deset puta u odnosu na izolaciju virusa). Izolacija virusa traje najmanje deset dana, a njena manja osetljivost je, pre svega, rezultat citotoksičnog efekta nativne sperme bikova na kulturu ćelija

Komparativna analiza različitih strategija za kontrolu klasične svinjske kuge upotrebom Monte Carlo simulacije

Several different strategies for control and eradication of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) were compared using a Monte Carlo method-based simulation model. The control strategy analyzed in this paper, in addition to other CSF control measures, includes application of biosecurity measures on pig farms and rural backyard holdings. Elements of the control strategy are based on applicable regulations and include the simulation of detection of the disease, setting up the protected and surveillance zones, standstill of pig movements and restricted movement of animals, vehicles, equipment, and people with strong control measures in protection and surveillance zones, euthanasia of susceptible pigs, protective vaccination of pigs, compensation etc. During the simulation, different output parameters were compared such as: duration of epizootic of a disease, number of affected holdings and animals, direct costs such as those for dead or culled animals, costs of surveillance, disposal of infectious materials, cleaning and disinfection. Depopulation of affected animals with early diagnostics and vaccination in protection and surveillance zone proved to be the most effective measures to stop spreading and eradication of the disease. However, during the simulation, systematic implementation of biosecurity measures in all pig production clusters demonstrated to be appropriate strategy for sustainable control of CSF and setting up a stable epizootiological situation.Nekoliko različitih strategija za kontrolu i iskorenjivanje klasične kuge svinja je upoređivano primenom modela simulacije zasnovanog na Monte Karlo metodi. Kontrolne strategije koje su obrađivane u ovom radu, pored opštih i posebnih mera suzbijanja KKS, uključuju i različite nivoe primenjenih biosigurnosnih mera na komercijalnim, porodičnim farmama i seoskim gazdinstvima na kojima se ga je svinje. Mere neškodljivog uništavanja obolelih životinja i životinja koje su bile u kontaktu sa obolelim životinjama, uspostavljanje zaštitnih zona pod nadzorom, kontrola i zaustavljanje prometa životinja i mehaničkih vektora (vozila i ljudi) unutar zona, rano otkrivanje bolesti i mera vakcinacije su bile uključene u simulaciju. Izlazni parametri kao što su: vreme trajanja epizootije, broj zaraženih gazdinstava i životinja, broj uništenih životinja, troškovi nadzora i direktne štete nastale zbog pojavljivanja bolesti s upoređivani tokom simulacije. Vakcinacija, neškodljivo uklanjanje obolelih životinja i rana dijagnostika su se pokazale kao najefektivnije mere zaustavljanja širenja i iskorenjivanja bolesti. Međutim, kao mera dugoročne strategije kontrole KKS i uspostavljanja stabilne epizootiološke situacije, tokom simulacije pokazala se mera planskog i sistematskog podizanja biosigurnosnih mera u svim klasterima proizvodnje svinja (komercijalne farme, porodične farme tipa A, porodične farme tipa B i seoska gazdinstva)

Imunoprofilaksa respiratornog sindroma goveda

Respiratormi sindrom goveda (RSG) je multifaktorijalno oboljenje koje nastaje interakcijom infektivnih mikroorganizama, životne sredine i imunološkog odgovora pojedinačnih životinja u stadu. Respiratorni sindrom goveda je predmet istraživanja u poslednjih 50 godina, ali još uvek nije jasna interakcija faktora životne sredine i infektivnih agenasa u patogenezi oboljenja, kao što jos nisu utvrđeni jedinstveni i efikasni programi imunoprofilakse i oblici vakcine koje bi mogle u potpunosti da spreče pojavu oboljenja. U radu su predstavljene osnovne koncepcije postoje}ih programa vakcinacije kod svih proizvodnih kategorija i uzrasta goveda. Takođe, predstavljene su sve oblici vakcina koje se koriste u imunoprofilaksi RSG.Ukazano je na prednosti i nedostatke postoje}ih vakcina kao i na očekivanja od rekombinantnih DNK vakcina.Bovine Respiratory Syndrome (BRS) is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of infective agents, the environment and the individual immunological response of animals in the herd. Despite five decades of research on BRS, no clear understanding of how environmental factors influence pathogenic outcomes of the disease has been defined. As such, the development of immunoprophylaxis and vaccine programmes to prevent outbreaks of BRS in cattle has not been successful. The current paper discusses vaccination programmes for all categories of cattle and presents a review of existing vaccines being used for immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syndrome in cattle and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the currently used vaccines and vaccination programmes. Lastly, a discussion detailing the design of future perfect vaccines is presented

Ispitivanje prisustva antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 u krvnom serumu ždrebadi pre i nakon uzimanja kolostruma

The titer of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 in blood serum was tested in two groups of mares and their foals. The first group consisted of 12 mares, Standardbred and Serbian Trotter breed, who were vaccinated against equine herpesvirus-1 and 4 in the 5th, 7th and 9th month of pregnancy. On the contrary, 12 mares from the second group, of Lipizzaner breed, were not vaccinated. The mares' blood samples for antibodies titer investigation were taken 30, 15 and 7 days before the expected partus, then immediately after the partus, while their foals' blood samples were taken immediately after foaling, then just before colostrum intake, and finally 1, 2, 3 and 7 days later. The titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was tested by the method of virus - neutralization, on microtiter plates with constant dose of the virus and serial double dilutions of the serum. In unvaccinated mares, titer of antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 was either low or not present, but on the contrary, in the vaccinated ones the antibodies titer ranged from 1:32 to 1:256. In the foals originating from both vaccinated and unvaccinated there were not found specific antibodies in the serum before colostrum intake. After the colostrum intake, the values of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus-1 significantly increased in the foals originating from the vaccinated mares, and ranged from 1:8 to 1:32.Titar specifičnih antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 u krvnom serumu ispitan je kod dve grupe kobila i njihove ždrebadi. Prva grupa od 12 kobila, rase američki i srpski kasač, bila je vakcinisana protiv konjskog herpsvirusa-1 i 4 u 5, 7. i 9. mesecu graviditeta, za razliku od druge grupe od 12 lipicanskih kobila koje nisu bile vakcinisane. Uzorci krvi kobila za ispitivanje titra antitela bili su uzeti na 30, 15 i 7 dana pre očekivanog partusa, zatim neposredno posle partusa, a uzorci krvi njihove ždrebadi neposredno posle ždrebljenja, pre uzimanja kolostruma, zatim 1, 2, 3 i 7 dana kasnije. Titar antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 ispitan je metodom virus - neutralizacije, na mikrotitar pločama sa konstantnom dozom virusa i dvostrukim serijskim razređenjem seruma. Kod nevakcinisanih kobila titar antitela protiv konjskog herpesvirusa-1 bio je nizak ili ga nije bilo, za razliku od vakcinisanih kobila kod kojih je ustanovljen titar atitela u rasponu od 1:32 do 1:256. Kod ždrebadi vakcinisanih i nevakcinisanih kobila nema specifičnih antitela u serumu pre unosa kolostruma. Nakon unosa kolostruma vrednost titra specifičnih antitela na konjski herpesvirus-1 značajno raste kod ždebadi vakcinisanih kobila i kreće se od 1:8 do 1:32

Putevi prenošenja i širenja virusa aujeskijeve bolesti na mesojede

Aujeszky’s disease (Morbus Aujeszky) is an acute viral contagious disease occurring in a large number of domestic and wild animals. This epizootiological disease has been present in our country for quite some time now, and it has been increasingly frequently diagnosed in carnivora in the recent years. The objective of the investigations was to determine and establish the pathways for the transfer and the manner of spreading of the MA virus to carnivora. Epizootiological data on the appearance of MA, collected in the field, as well as an epizootiological report by the Serbian Ministry of Agriculture and of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture were used as material. Detailed epizootiological, clinical, pathomorphological, and laboratory analyses were performed in five critical spots for MA registered in the territory of Vojvodina province. We established the following pathways for the spread of the MA viral infection to carnivora: the consumption of thermally unprocessed swine carcasses, the consumption of thermally unprocessed pork originating from butcher shops or from regular slaughter on private farms, the consumption of viscera from emergency slaughtered sheep, cohabitation and contact with infected swine, and vaccination using a live vaccine contaminated with the MA virus.Aujeskijeva bolest (MA) je akutna virusna zarazna bolest većeg broja domaćih i divljih životinja. Epizootiološki oboljenje je već u dužem vremenskom periodu prisutno u našoj zemlji, a poslednjih godina učestalo se dijagnostikuje kod mesojeda. Cilj istraživanja bio je sagledavanje i utvrđivanje puteva prenošenja i načina širenja virusa MA na mesojede. Kao materijal za istraživanja korišćeni su epizootiološki podaci o pojavi MA, prikupljani na terenu, kao i epizootiološki izveštaji Ministarstva poljoprivrede Republike Srbije i Saveznog ministarstva za poljoprivredu. Detaljnom epizootiološkom, kliničkom, patomorfološkom i laboratorijskom analizom je obuhvaćeno pet žarišta MA registrovanih na području Vojvodine. Utvrdili smo navedene puteve širenja infekcije virusom MA na mesojede: potrošnja termički neobrađenih svinjskih leševa, potrošnja termički neobrađenog svinjskog mesa koje potiče iz mesara ili redovnog klanja u domaćinstvu, upotreba iznutrica prinudno zaklane ovce, kohabitacija i kontakt sa inficiranim svinjama i vakcinacija živom vakcinom kontaminisanom virusom MA