The Probability of the Existence of World after Death and the Doctrine of Rewards and Punishments of Acts in the Hereafter in the Philosophy of David Hume

In the field of philosophy of religion, the issue of the existence of world after death and the doctrine of rewards and punishments in the hereafter is one of the important and confusing issues as persuades theologians and philosophers of religion to present various and contradictory views about it. Meanwhile, despite David Hume's considerable reputation as one of the most important philosophical critics of religion, the secular irreligious significance of this philosopher's views, especially on the issue of induction and probable reasoning, has not attracted the attention and energy of Hume's researchers in recent decades. The main objectives of this paper, on the basis of methodical research, are to identify the relevance of induction and probable reasoning to the problem of belief in a future state and to the doctrine of rewards and punishments of human acts in philosophy of religion, and to show that the goal of Hume's critical analysis of the credibility and practical significance of religious inductive arguments, by providing an account of the foundation of probable reasoning, is to reject the principal aims of defenders of Christian orthodoxy. It was orthodoxy defender’s aim to show, on the basis of our experience of this world, that there is a future state of rewards and punishments, and that prudence requires that we guide our conduct in this life with a view to our expectations of happiness or misery in the next. We will show that Hume provides a naturalistic account of the psychological mechanisms for the foundations of probable reasoning that generate our beliefs concerning the future, and this account serves to explain why religious arguments concerning the doctrine of a future state inevitably fail to persuade us or influence our conduct, so the doctrine of state of rewards and punishments is of little or no practical consequence for human

Direct and real-time observation of hole transport dynamics in anatase TiO2 using X-ray free-electron laser

Carrier dynamics affects photocatalytic systems, but direct and real-time observations in an element-specific and energy-level-specific manner are challenging. In this study, we demonstrate that the dynamics of photo-generated holes in metal oxides can be directly probed by using femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy at an X-ray free-electron laser. We identify the energy level and life time of holes with a long life time (230 pico-seconds) in nano-crystal materials. We also observe that trapped holes show an energy distribution in the bandgap region with a formation time of 0.3 pico-seconds and a decay time of 8.0 pico-seconds at room temperature. We corroborate the dynamics of the electrons by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the metal L-edges in a consistent explanation with that of the holes

Direct and real-time observation of hole transport dynamics in anatase TiO2 using X-ray free-electron laser

Carrier dynamics affects photocatalytic systems, but direct and real-time observations in an element-specific and energy-level-specific manner are challenging. In this study, we demonstrate that the dynamics of photo-generated holes in metal oxides can be directly probed by using femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy at an X-ray free-electron laser. We identify the energy level and life time of holes with a long life time (230 pico-seconds) in nano-crystal materials. We also observe that trapped holes show an energy distribution in the bandgap region with a formation time of 0.3 pico-seconds and a decay time of 8.0 pico-seconds at room temperature. We corroborate the dynamics of the electrons by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the metal L-edges in a consistent explanation with that of the holes