Evaluating the Performance of a Photovoltaic System Using Acceptance Ration (AR)

The use of fossil fuels for energy production has several negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, renewable energy is needed as an environmentally friendly source. Solar energy is one of the renewable energy produced from solar radiation using photovoltaic (PV). The explanations given by science about how the sun works are in line with what is stated in the Qur'an. One verse in the Quran speaks of Allah's Greatness and His Mercy, and it is found in: “And there He created a shining moon and made the sun a (brilliant) lamp. (Q.S. Nuh: 16)”. However, one of the problems in using PV systems is that the energy produced is unstable because it is influenced by the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the PV system from time to time. In this research, the performance of the PV system is being done by determining the Acceptance Ratio (AR). AR is used to define the ratio of actual AC power to expected AC power. The largest expected output power value is 436.4788 W, on May 26. The acceptance ratio (AR) obtained ranges from 0.921 to 0.982, which should be worth approximately 0.9. This is influenced by the output power generated and the expected AC power generation data obtained from the calculation. The expected AC power generation value is different for each data depending on the weather conditions whether it is cloudy or sunny

How Biodiversity, Climate and Landscape Drive Functional Redundancy of British Butterflies

Biodiversity promotes the functioning of ecosystems, and functional redundancy safeguards this functioning against environmental changes. However, what drives functional redundancy remains unclear. We analyzed taxonomic diversity, functional diversity (richness and β-diversity) and functional redundancy patterns of British butterflies. We explored the effect of temperature and landscape-related variables on richness and redundancy using generalized additive models, and on β-diversity using generalized dissimilarity models. The species richness-functional richness relationship was saturating, indicating functional redundancy in species-rich communities. Assemblages did not deviate from random expectations regarding functional richness. Temperature exerted a significant effect on all diversity aspects and on redundancy, with the latter relationship being unimodal. Landscape-related variables played a role in driving observed patterns. Although taxonomic and functional β-diversity were highly congruent, the model of taxonomic β-diversity explained more deviance than the model of functional β-diversity did. Species-rich butterfly assemblages exhibited functional redundancy. Climate- and landscape-related variables emerged as significant drivers of diversity and redundancy. Τaxonomic β-diversity was more strongly associated with the environmental gradient, while functional β-diversity was driven more strongly by stochasticity. Temperature promoted species richness and β-diversity, but warmer areas exhibited lower levels of functional redundancy. This might be related to the land uses prevailing in warmer areas (e.g., agricultural intensification)

The Effect of Climate and Human Pressures on Functional Diversity and Species Richness Patterns of Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals in Europe

The ongoing biodiversity crisis reinforces the urgent need to unravel diversity patterns and the underlying processes shaping them. Although taxonomic diversity has been extensively studied and is considered the common currency, simultaneously conserving other facets of diversity (e.g., functional diversity) is critical to ensure ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Here, we explored the effect of key climatic factors (temperature, precipitation, temperature seasonality, and precipitation seasonality) and factors reflecting human pressures (agricultural land, urban land, land-cover diversity, and human population density) on the functional diversity (functional richness and Rao’s quadratic entropy) and species richness of amphibians (68 species), reptiles (107 species), and mammals (176 species) in Europe. We explored the relationship between different predictors and diversity metrics using generalized additive mixed model analysis, to capture non-linear relationships and to account for spatial autocorrelation. We found that at this broad continental spatial scale, climatic variables exerted a significant effect on the functional diversity and species richness of all taxa. On the other hand, variables reflecting human pressures contributed significantly in the models even though their explanatory power was lower compared to climatic variables. In most cases, functional richness and Rao’s quadratic entropy responded similarly to climate and human pressures. In conclusion, climate is the most influential factor in shaping both the functional diversity and species richness patterns of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals in Europe. However, incorporating factors reflecting human pressures complementary to climate could be conducive to us understanding the drivers of functional diversity and richness patterns