Perfil epidemiológico da coqueluche na Região Norte do Brasil nos anos de 2017 a 2020 / Epidemiological profile of pertussis in the North Region of Brazil in the years of 2017 to 2020

Introdução: A coqueluche é uma doença infectocontagiosa de notificação compulsória ocasionada principalmente pela Bordetella pertussis. Mesmo apresentando alta transmissibilidade e distribuição universal, os lactentes possuem as complicações mais graves. A doença possui uma ótima cobertura vacinal, porém alguns estudos têm apontado o seu ressurgimento em locais do país. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil epidemiológico da coqueluche na região Norte do Brasil durante o período de 2017 a 2020. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo com abordagem quantitativa e com dados secundários do DATASUS – SINAN NET. Resultados e Discussão: No período referido identificou-se 262 casos de coqueluche na Região Norte, com maior prevalência nos Estado de Amazonas (28,2%) e Pará (20,6%). Houve ainda um predomínio de casos no sexo feminino (58%) e raça parda (64,8%). A doença apresentou ainda maior confirmação clínica (77,8%) e um elevado índice de cura (93,5%). Conclusão: Foi possível observar uma redução nos números de casos da doença, não sugerindo uma reemergência local. Entretanto, além de possíveis subnotificações, é importante a realização de mais estudos para melhor exploração epidemiológica

Study of genes and proteins involved in the regulation of myelopoiesis in a murine model of acute inflammatory response.

Camundongos AIRmax e AIRmin exibem diferenças significativas no número médio de leucócitos migrantes ao exudato inflamatório produzido por partículas de poliacrilamida. Um dos fatores preponderantes para a maior capacidade inflamatória da linhagem AIRmax é a maior produção de neutrófilos maduros pela medula óssea. No presente estudo avaliamos os fatores celulares e moleculares que conferem diferente potencial hematopoético entre as linhagens AIRmax e AIRmin e a associação destes com a intensidade da resposta inflamatória aguda (AIR). Nossos resultados demonstraram que apenas os animais AIRmax desenvolvem uma mielopoese emergencial induzida pelo Biogel com expansão de progenitores mielóides e produção de citocinas nas primeiras horas da inflamação. Desta forma, concluímos que a capacidade dos animais AIRmax de desenvolver uma alta AIR, em relação aos animais AIRmin, esta associada com o potencial de expansão das células progenitoras mielóides, que por sua vez, pode ser determinada pelos fatores solúveis locais produzidos nas primeiras horas da inflamação.AIRmax and AIRmin exhibit significant differences in the average number of migrant leukocytes and protein content of the inflammatory exudate produced by polyacrylamide beads. One of the most important factors for the inflammatory capacity of AIRmax is the higher production of mature neutrophils by the bone marrow. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the cellular and molecular factors that confer different hematopoietic capacity between AIRmax and AIRmin and the association of these factors with the intensity of the acute inflammatory response (AIR). Our results showed that only animals AIRmax are able to develop an emergency myelopoiesis induced by Biogel presenting expansion of myeloid progenitors and cytokine production in the early hours of inflammation. Thus, we conclude that the ability of the AIRmax mice for developing a high AIR, compared to AIRmin mice, it is associated with the potential of expansion of myeloid progenitor cells, which in turn might be determined by the local soluble factors produced during the first hours of inflammation

Myelopoiesis in mice genetically selected for high or low acute inflammatory response.

Camundongos AIRmax e AIRmin exibem diferenças significativas no número médio de leucócitos migrantes e no conteúdo protéico do exsudato inflamatório produzido por partículas de poliacrilamida. Um dos fatores preponderantes para a maior capacidade inflamatória da linhagem AIRmax é a maior produção de neutrófilos maduros pela medula óssea. Assim, considerando a diferente capacidade de produção leucocitária, entre as linhagens AIRmax e AIRmin, nos propomos a estudar comparativamente nestas linhagens, o processo de mielopoese in vitro em resposta ao GM-CSF e ATRA. Verificamos que as células da medula óssea dos animais AIRmax apresentaram maior potencial proliferativo e maiores níveis de expressão de genes envolvidos nos estágios iniciais da mielopoese, do que os animais AIRmin. Além disso, o conteúdo protéico das células em cultura revelou diferenças quantitativas e qualitativas de proteínas provavelmente envolvidas no processo de mielopoese.Mice AIRmax and AIRmin exhibit significant differences in the average number of migrating leukocytes and in the protein content of inflammatory exudate produced by polyacrylamide particles. This higher inflammatory capacity of the AIRmax mice is due to three convergent factors: higher local production of chemotactic factors, increased resistance of locally infiltrated neutrophils to spontaneous apoptosis and larger production of mature neutrophils by the bone marrow. Thus, considering the differential capacity of leukocyte production between AIRmax and AIRmin mice, we are studying comparatively the myelocytic differentiation process in vitro. We verified that the BM cells of AIRmax mice showed higher proliferation levels. In addition by qPCR technique it was verified a larger expression of genes involved in the initial stages of myelopoiesis in the AIRmax BM cultures. The analysis of BM cellular protein content by 2D gel electrophoresis revealed quantitative and qualitative differences between two mouse lines

Overview of syphilis in a northern Brazilian city from 2013 to 2017

Justifications and Objectives: Syphilis is the most widespread bacterial infection in the human population, being the main form of transmission through sexual contact. It was analyzed the epidemiological data of the population of the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, with a positive diagnosis of syphilis between 2013 and 2017. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach applied to data from Acre’s Central Public Health Laboratory of the population infected with T. pallidum. Results: Of a total of 5,239 people infected with syphilis, 56.8% are female between the ages of 20 and 30 years old and self-declared to have mixed ethnicity. Moreover, 1,006 pregnant women, 43% of whom were between 11 and 20 years old and 37.5% were in the 2 nd trimester of pregnancy. For live births, 107 children with early congenital syphilis were diagnosed. Conclusions: Infection prevention information should be intensified, especially for people who are unaware of STIs in the city, such as adolescents, elderly people and indigenous populations, in order to avoid syphilis transmission

Early Peritoneal CC Chemokine Production Correlates with Divergent Inflammatory Phenotypes and Susceptibility to Experimental Arthritis in Mice

The inflammatory and autoimmune events preceding clinical symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune diseases are difficult to study in human patients. Therefore, animal models that share immunologic and clinical features with human RA, such as pristane-induced arthritis (PIA), are valuable tools for assessing the primordial events related to arthritis susceptibility. PIA-resistant HIII and susceptible LIII mice were injected i.p. with pristane, and peritoneal lavage fluid was harvested in the early (7 days) and late (35 days) preclinical phases of PIA. Chemokine and cytokine levels were measured in lavage supernatant with ELISA, peritoneal inflammatory leukocytes were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry, and gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR. Leukocyte recruitment was quantitatively and qualitatively divergent in the peritoneum of HIII and LIII mice, with an early increase of CC chemokines (CCL2/CCL3/CCL5/CCL12/CCL22) in the susceptible LIII strain. Also, cytokines such as IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-18 were elevated in LIII mice while IL-6 was increased in HIII animals. The results show that an early peritoneal CC chemokine response is an important feature of arthritis susceptibility and defines potential biomarkers in this model

Role of M2 muscarinic receptor in the airway response to methacholine of mice selected for minimal or maximal acute inflammatory response

Airway smooth muscle constriction induced by cholinergic agonists such as methacholine (MCh), which is typically increased in asthmatic patients, is regulated mainly by muscle muscarinic M3 receptors and negatively by vagal muscarinic M2 receptors. Here we evaluated basal (intrinsic) and allergen-induced (extrinsic) airway responses to MCh. We used two mouse lines selected to respond maximally (AIRmax) or minimally (AIRmin) to innate inflammatory stimuli. We found that in basal condition AIRmin mice responded more vigorously to MCh than AIRmax. Treatment with a specific M2 antagonist increased airway response of AIRmax but not of AIRmin mice. The expression of M2 receptors in the lung was significantly lower in AIRmin compared to AIRmax animals. AIRmax mice developed a more intense allergic inflammation than AIRmin, and both allergic mouse lines increased airway responses to MCh. However, gallamine treatment of allergic groups did not affect the responses to MCh. Our results confirm that low or dysfunctional M2 receptor activity is associated with increased airway responsiveness to MCh and that this trait was inherited during the selective breeding of AIRmin mice and was acquired by AIRmax mice during allergic lung inflammatio