Execution Without Trial: Police Homicide and the Constitution

This analysis of police homicide and the Constitution leads to the conclusion that the present state laws are unconstitutional, not just in the common-law states, but in the Model Penal Code and forcible felony states as well.\u27 The present laws of every state in the union deny police homicide victims fifth and fourteenth amendment rights to due process, allow the punishment of death to be imposed in a cruel and unusual fashion, and appear to deny equal protection to blacks. The only constitutional alternative apparent is to remove police homicide from the realm of punishment and confine justification for it to the self-defense doctrine, more properly called a defense-of-life doctrine. In short, the conclusion is that the police throughout the country should adopt the first section of the firearms policy of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric techniques for the study of molecular recognition

The ability of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to quantitatively analyze the distribution of complexes resulting from molecular recognition in solution was modeled, and ESI-MS techniques were developed to analyze complexes involving several different types of novel compounds in different areas of molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry. To better understand the relationship between ion abundances observed by ESI-MS and concentrations of host-guest complexes in solution, mathematical models based on equilibrium partitioning theory were developed to relate ESI-MS ion abundances to relative solution concentrations of complexes resulting from host-guest binding. The predictions of these new models were evaluated and experimentally confirmed through the analysis of complexes of crown ethers with alkali metal cations in an ESI quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer, yielding a greater understanding of the behavior of host-guest complexes in ESI-MS, allowing for more accurate measurements of solution binding interactions. The self-assembly of ligand-metal-ligand sandwich complexes involving a novel quinoxaline-containing crown ether was studied to evaluate the contribution of pi-stacking interactions between the ligands towards the overall stability of the complexes. Donor-acceptor pi-stacking interactions between the electron-poor quinoxaline group and electron-rich benzene groups from benzo- or dibenzo-18-crown-6 were found to significantly enhance the formation of mixed-ligand sandwich complexes. A synthetic pyrrole-inosine nucleoside, capable of forming an extended three-point Hoogsteen-type hydrogen-bonding interaction with guanine, was shown to bind guanosine selectively over other individual nucleosides, and ESI-MS results indicated the formation of specific complexes between the pyrrole-inosine nucleoside and two different quadruplex DNA structures. The specificity of the pyrrole-inosine nucleoside for quadruplex DNA suggests that it or similar structures based on this binding modality may ultimately demonstrate utility as anti-tumor agents. The interactions between a novel enediyne drug and various cytidine-containing oligonucleotides were studied, and the structures of the DNA-enediyne adducts known to lead to cytidine-specific DNA cleavage were examined. Collisionally activated dissociation of the adducts confirmed their strength and suggest a direct linkage between the enediyne and the cytidine nucleobase, likely the result of a nucleophilic attack by the cytidine amine.Chemistry and BiochemistryChemistr

Restorative Justice: The Evidence

This 2007 report reviews a wealth of restorative justice evidence from the UK and abroad

A Microeconomic Study of Commercial Real Estate Brokerage Firms

While residential brokerage has been widely studied, the operating characteristics on income property brokerage firms have received little attention in the literature. In this paper, we analyze results from a survey of income property brokers to measure profitability scale effects, and expenditures at the firm level. We find that while scale economies exist for expenses, net income per producer falls as firms grow; the optimally sized firm is comparatively small. Although inconsistencies with results from recent residential brokerage studies may relate to the survey period, they may also support a view that residential and income brokerage firms are structurally different.

Southern Trends: 50 Years of Philanthropy in the Southeast Region

Southeastern Council of Foundations (SECF) partnered with Candid to develop key findings that highlight data and trends on philanthropy in the South. This edition of the Trends Report captures the 50-year history of SECF, focused on the ways Southern philanthropy has changed since its founding in 1969. The data presented here tells a powerful story. In the last five decades, Southern philanthropy has grown significantly by every measure.A region where giving was once dominated by family foundations is now host to a diverse network of funders, including some who did not even exist 50 years ago. That change shows no signs of slowing, either–this century alone has seen significant growth in assets and giving.Overall, the information provided here shows that Southern philanthropy is stronger than ever–and more ready than ever to transform communities and improve lives

Predicting Domestic Homicide and Serious Violence in Leicestershire with Intelligence Records of Suicidal Ideation or Self-Harm Warnings: a Retrospective Analysis

$\textit{Research Question}$ Does prior information retained in police intelligence records about an offender’s suicidal tendencies help to predict a future domestic homicide or attempted homicide? $\textit{Data}$ Records on 158,379 arrestees in 1997–2015 were examined for suicidal or selfharm warnings by date of entry and compared to 620 offenders identified in cases of domestic homicides or serious violence over the same time period. $\textit{Methods}$ The percentage of offenders in domestic homicide and serious violence cases who were known to have reported suicidal ideation prior to those crimes was compared to the overall percentage of arrested persons who had such reports. $\textit{Findings}$ Of the total 620 deadly violence offenders, 125 had a marker for suicide or self-harm, of which 35 (5.6%) were posted prior to the deadly domestic violence. Of the 80 homicide cases (excluding grievous bodily harm), 7 had suicide or self-harm markers prior to the homicidal offence, for a rate of 8.75%. These rates compare to an overall marker rate among the 158,379 arrestees in the time period studied, of whom 7,241 were identified as holding a warning marker at the point of data collection for this study in 2016, which equated to only 5% of the group, of which an estimated 38% would have occurred prior to a crime (2,752 cases), or 1.7% of the 158,379. By that metric, it is three times more likely that offenders charged with an act of deadly domestic violence had prior suicidal warning markers than offenders not charged with such crimes (5.6/1.7 = 3.3), and 5.2 times more likely for homicide offenders to have a prior marker than for all arrestees. $\textit{Conclusions}$ Police intelligence system markers for suicide or self-harm can provide valuable information for building more accurate prediction models for domestic homicide and serious assaults