\u3ci\u3eTomicus Piniperda\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Reproduction and Behavior on Scotch Pine Christmas Trees Taken Indoors

Tomicus piniperda, the pine shoot beetle, is an exotic insect that was first found in North America in 1992. A federal quarantine currently restricts movement of pine products, including Christmas trees, from infested to uninfested counties. We conducted a study to determine if T. piniperda would re- produce in Christmas trees that were cut and taken indoors during the Christmas season. Twelve Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris, Christmas trees infested with overwintering T. piniperda beetles were cut in Indiana in early December 1993 and taken to Michigan. Four trees were dissected immediately, while the other 8 trees were taken indoors, placed in tree stands, and watered regularly. After 4 weeks indoors, 4 trees were dissected, and the other 4 were placed outdoors in Michigan for 7 weeks. Upon dissection, all overwintering sites occurred along the lower trunk within the first 40 em of the soil line; 81% were found within 10 em of the soil line. Adults collected from the 4 trees dissected in December produced viable progeny adults when placed on Scotch pine logs in the laboratory. Overwintering beetles became active and laid eggs in 4 of the 8 trees that had been taken indoors. All adults and progeny found in the 4 trees that had been placed outdoors for 7 weeks during cold January and February temperatures were dead. Overall, T. piniperda can become active and breed in Christmas trees that are cut and taken indoors in December. Tomicus piniperda survival in trees that are discarded outdoors at the end of the Christmas season will depend largely on the prevailing temperatures

Seasonal Shoot-Feeding by \u3ci\u3eTomicus Piniperda\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Michigan

Seasonal shoot-feeding by Tomicus piniperda (L.) was monitored at 2­ week intervals on 15 Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L., trees from 8 April through 16 November 1994 in southern Michigan. All shoots that showed evidence of T. piniperda attack were removed every two weeks. In 1994, initial spring flight of T. piniperda began on 22 March. At least two live T. piniperda adults were found on the 15 trees on each sampling date from 8 April through 1 November 1994. In addition, at least one freshly attacked, beetle- free shoot was found on each sampling date except for 1 November. The greatest numbers of newly attacked shoots, with or without adults present, were found from mid-June through mid-August. All adults found in April and May were likely parent adults, while those from June onward were primarily brood adults. Therefore, at all times of the year, live T. piniperda adults can be found on live pine trees, either feeding in the shoots or overwintering at the base of the trunk. Implications of these findings are provided in light of the US federal quarantine on T. piniperda

Disruptant Effects of 4-Allylanisole and Verbenone on \u3ci\u3eTomicus Piniperda\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Response to Baited Traps and Logs

We assessed the inhibitory effects of the host compound 4-allylanisole (release rates = 1 and 2 mg/d in 1994, and 1 and 10 mg/d in 2001) on the response of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), adults to funnel traps baited with the attractant host compound α-pinene (release rate = 150 mg/d) in two pine Christmas tree plantations in Michigan in spring 1994 and two other plantations in spring 2001. In three of the four plantations, all doses of 4- allylanisole significantly reduced T. piniperda attraction to α-pinene-baited traps by 46 to 76%. We also tested the inhibitory effect of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone (release rates = 2 and 4 mg/d) on T. piniperda attack density on pine bolts (average bolt length was 62 cm and diameter was 19 cm) at three sites (two pine forest stands and one Christmas tree plantation) in Michigan in 1994. Verbenone significantly reduced T. piniperda attack density by 37 to 60% at the two pine stands, but not at the Christmas tree plantation

New Record of \u3ci\u3eBrachycercus Maculatus\u3c/i\u3e Berner (Ephemeroptera: Caenidae) From New York and a Key to Larvae of Northeastern Species

Brachycercus maculatus, a member of a rare group of mayflies, is now recorded for the first time from New York State in the upper Hudson River. An illustrated key to the Brachycercus larvae of northeastern North America is provided to spur further study of the genus in the region

Self-Images of Women Bodybuilders

In analyzing the data from a questionnaire survey of 205 competitive women bodybuilders conducted by the International Federation of Body-Builders, the authors attempt to find out how these women define their roles. What emerges from the analysis is a new concept of femininity that combines aspects of the traditional definitions with added dimensions of muscularity and body symmetry. They see muscularity, fitness, strength, and health as increasing their femininity, adding to their attractiveness as women, and increasing their sex appeal to men. They do not see themselves as emulating men. Relatively few see themselves as feminists or androgynists

Assessment of students\u27 knowledge of Internet risk and Internet behaviors: Potential threats to bullying and contact by Internet predators

Given the serious issue of bullying, this study sought to assess middle and high school students\u27 knowledge of appropriate use and their behaviors on the Internet and social networking sites, especially regarding behaviors that may lead to cyberbullying or contact with potential Internet predators. Three school districts (urban, suburban, and urban ring) with grades 6 - 12 are participating in this study. Differences among and between grade levels, gender, and school demographics at the dimension and item-level will be presented

Disruptant Effects of 4-Allylanisole and Verbenone on \u3ci\u3eTomicus Piniperda\u3c/i\u3e (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Response to Baited Traps and Logs

We assessed the inhibitory effects of the host compound 4-allylanisole (release rates = 1 and 2 mg/d in 1994, and 1 and 10 mg/d in 2001) on the response of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), adults to funnel traps baited with the attractant host compound α-pinene (release rate = 150 mg/d) in two pine Christmas tree plantations in Michigan in spring 1994 and two other plantations in spring 2001. In three of the four plantations, all doses of 4- allylanisole significantly reduced T. piniperda attraction to α-pinene-baited traps by 46 to 76%. We also tested the inhibitory effect of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone (release rates = 2 and 4 mg/d) on T. piniperda attack density on pine bolts (average bolt length was 62 cm and diameter was 19 cm) at three sites (two pine forest stands and one Christmas tree plantation) in Michigan in 1994. Verbenone significantly reduced T. piniperda attack density by 37 to 60% at the two pine stands, but not at the Christmas tree plantation

Parental Involvement in Students’ Safe Use of the Internet

The purpose of this study was to investigate if parental involvement in digital activities relates to middle school students’ knowledge of appropriate use of the Internet and social networking sites. Parental involvement, measured using a three-item dimension on the 40 item instrument, asked students to report on their knowledge of their parent’s involvement with their internet activity. The aggregate score on this dimension was used to measure the relationship among several dimensions. Furthermore, demographic items, such as grade level, having an older sibling, and getting in trouble at school, were also investigated. Over 71% of adults in the United States use the Internet (Horigan, 2007). Research suggests that adolescence (namely teens), are heavier users than adults (Subrahmanyam, Kraut, Greenfield, & Gross, 2001). Actually, in the United States, it is estimated that 21 million teens use the Internet. This represents 87% of this age group (Lenhart, 2005). Student have access to the Internet readily available, be it school, home, or library. This ease of access may increase the potential for students to become victims of Internet sexual predators or other students who engage in inappropriate cyberbullying behaviors. Rainie (2008) found that 32% of teens reported being contacted on-line by a stranger. Furthermore, 23% (of the 32%) stated that the contact made them feel scared or uncomfortable. There is a myriad of evidence to support the need for parental involvement in a child’s internet activities, from filtering access to monitoring activity, supervision is paramount (Lenhardt, 2005; Raine, 2008; Shariff 2008). Aside from the fact that predators are seeking young predators, teens are also reporting inappropriate behaviors. In fact, Lenhardt found that 81% of parents and 79% of teens agreed that “teens are not careful enough when sharing personal information on-line” (pii). Furthermore, when asked if “teens do things online that they wouldn’t want their parents to know about” (pii), 65% of the parents and 64% of the teens agreed with the statement. The knowledge of the issue is evident from both parties, so now what do we do with it? This line of research aims to understand the status of behaviors and views of middle school students and the influence parents have on these behaviors. It is hoped that the results may assist schools in developing educational programs and safeguards to protect students

Arp 302: Non-starburst Luminous Infrared Galaxies

Arp 302, a luminous infrared source (L_{IR} = 4.2x10^{11} Lsun), consisting of two spiral galaxies (VV340A and VV340B) with nuclear separation of 40'', has the highest CO luminosity known. Observations with the BIMA array at 5'' X 7'' resolution reveal that the CO emission is extended over 23.0 kpc in the edge-on spiral galaxy, VV340A, corresponding to 6.7x10^{10} Msun of H_2. In the companion face-on galaxy, VV340B, the CO emission is extended over ~10.0 kpc, with 1.1x10^{10} Msun of H_2. The large CO extent is in strong contrast to starburst systems, such as Arp 220, in which the CO extent is typically $\le$ 1 kpc. Furthermore, $L_{IR}/M$(H_2) is found to be $\le$ 6.0 Lsun/Msun throughout both galaxies. Thus the high IR luminosity of Arp 302 is apparently not due to starbursts in the nuclear regions, but is due to its unusually large amount of molecular gas forming stars at a rate similar to giant molecular clouds in the Milky Way disk. Arp 302 consists of a pair of very gas-rich spiral galaxies that may be interacting and in a phase before a likely onset of starbursts.Comment: AAS Latex plus two postscript figures. ApJ Letters (accepted