2,527 research outputs found
Complementary monostable circuits achieve low power drain and high reliability
Two-transistor multivibrator has minimum power dissipation and maximum reliability. It minimizes the use of components that are subject to environmental changes or other unpredictable behavior
Variable voltage supply uses Zener dioxide as reference
Using a zener diode as the reference element, a simple transistorized circuit provides a stable variable reference voltage
Position location and data collection system and method Patent
Development of telemetry system for position location and data acquisitio
An improved time of flight gamma-ray telescope to monitor diffuse gamma-ray in the energy range 5 MeV - 50 MeV
A time of flight measuring device is the basic triggering system of most of medium and high energy gamma-ray telescopes. A simple gamma-ray telescope has been built in order to check in flight conditions the functioning of an advanced time of flight system. The technical ratings of the system are described. This telescope has been flown twice with stratospheric balloons, its axis being oriented at various Zenital directions. Flight results are presented for diffuse gamma-rays, atmospheric secondaries, and various causes of noise in the 5 MeV-50 MeV energy range
Properties of a carbon-fibre composite modified by electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride)
The interlaminar toughening of a carbon-fibre reinforced composite by incorporation of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibrous membranes was explored in this work. The nanofibres were electrospun directly onto commercial pre-impregnated carbon fibre materials under optimised conditions and PVDF was found to primarily crystallise in its β phase polymorphic form. There is strong evidence from DMTA analysis to suggest that a partial miscibility between the amorphous phases of the PVDF nanofibres and the epoxy exists. The improved plastic deformation at the crack tip after inclusion of the nanofibres was directly translated to a 57% increase in the mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (in-plane shear failure). Conversely, the fracture toughness in mode I (opening failure) was slightly lower than the reference by approximately 20%, and the results were interpreted from the complex micromechanisms of failure arising from the changes in polymorphism of the PVDF
La réforme des retraites de 1993 : quel impact sur l'équivalent patrimonial des droits à retraite ?
Depuis 1993, la France a enregistrĂ© plusieurs rĂ©formes de son système de retraites, visant avant tout Ă en assurer la soutenabilitĂ©. Cette contribution a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur l’équivalent patrimonial des droits individuels Ă la retraite (EPDR), c\u27est-Ă -dire la somme actuarielle probable des pensions Ă recevoir, de la date de liquidation des droits jusqu’au dĂ©cès. Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, nous mesurons l’impact de cette rĂ©forme sur l’EPDR des mono-pensionnĂ©s du rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral, Ă l’aide des donnĂ©es de l’Echantillon InterrĂ©gimes de RetraitĂ©s 2008. Parmi les mesures phares de la rĂ©forme de 1993 figure l’augmentation progressive de la durĂ©e de cotisation nĂ©cessaire pour obtenir une retraite Ă taux plein au rĂ©gime gĂ©nĂ©ral. Cette augmentation est susceptible d’engendrer deux effets opposĂ©s : un effet de report de l’âge de liquidation pour conserver un EPDR adĂ©quat pour ses vieux jours (voire l’augmenter) ou un effet de dĂ©cote, si l’assurĂ©-e ne souhaite, ou ne peut, pas prolonger son activitĂ© et subit donc une dĂ©cote sur sa pension, et partant sur son EPDR. Pour tester les effets nets de la rĂ©forme de 1993 sur l’EPDR, nous procĂ©dons Ă des estimations Ă©conomĂ©triques en diffĂ©rences premières et en doubles diffĂ©rences, ainsi qu’à des estimations par quantiles pour mesurer les impacts le long de la distribution de l’EPDR. Nos estimations montrent des rĂ©sultats diffĂ©rents selon que les individus partent avant ou après 2004, date d’entrĂ©e en vigueur de la rĂ©forme. Ainsi, toutes choses Ă©gales par ailleurs, un dĂ©part en retraite avant 2004 plutĂ´t que postĂ©rieurement, augmente l’EPDR des retraitĂ©s concernĂ©s. Toutefois, l’interaction avec les autres variables nuance cette conclusion. D’une part, reporter son dĂ©part en retraite rĂ©duit l’EPDR moyen d’environ 20% : le report permet d’accumuler des droits supplĂ©mentaires, mais sur une pĂ©riode rĂ©duite. D’autre part, l’effet de la dĂ©cote est nĂ©gatif, mais son intensitĂ© est rĂ©duite quand les retraitĂ©s reportent leur dĂ©part. En outre, comme les gĂ©nĂ©rations 1934-1943 ont subi conjointement les rĂ©formes de 1993 et 2003, nos estimations en double diffĂ©rence permettent d’isoler l’effet « pur » de la rĂ©forme de 1993 : lorsque les affiliĂ©s ont subi une dĂ©cote, sans avoir reportĂ© leur dĂ©part en retraite pour l’attĂ©nuer, la liquidation des droits aux conditions de 2003 par rapport aux conditions de 1993 est la plus dĂ©favorable. Enfin, les estimations par quantiles montrent que ces effets s’intensifient dans la première moitiĂ© de la distribution, et s’attĂ©nuent au-delĂ
Pension Wealth in France: An Assessment on Panel Data
This contribution proposes a measure of pension wealth in the French public PAYG schemes (first and second pillar schemes) and of its distribution among the population of retirees in 2008 using the Echantillon Inter régimes de Retraités (EIR) panel data. We show that aggregate pension wealth amounts to around 4765 billion Euros assuming a 2 percent discount rate. There are significant differences in the amount of individual’s pension wealth between the pension schemes of the private and public sector. Moreover, there is more inequality in the distribution of pension wealth among private sector retirees than public sectorones
Que valent les engagements des régimes de retraite envers les retraités en France ?
Using the "Echantillon Inter régimes des Retraités" (EIR) 2008 and 2012 panel data, we calculate retirees\u27 pension wealth (consumed and residual) at an aggregated level, and provide in-depth results by type of pension scheme and by managing organism. We put an emphasis on direct pensions already perceived by retirees and to be paid in the future, without taking into account current contributors\u27 future retirement. We find that the overall pension wealth is not very sensitive to the discount rate, but this result does not hold if we concentrate on the future pension wealth. From this point of view, it must be noted that some of the organisms have a high proportion of pension still to be paid. Moreover, whatever the type of pension wealth calculated, the results show a rapid increase from 2008 to 2012 (except for the basic scheme of farmers). Finally, spread indicators and Gini index of pension wealth are relatively higher than those found in the distribution of labor income by other studies. We find that there are more inequalities in the private sector than in the public, particularly in the private sector for complementary pension schemes
- …