EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN SISTEM SURVEILANS HEALTHCARE ACQUIRED INFECTIONS (HAIS) DI RSU HAJI SURABAYA TAHUN 2020

Healthcare Acquired Infections (HAIs) or nosocomial infections are infections that occur in patients during hospitalization. HAIs are classified into 4 namely Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection, Surgical Site Infection, Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, and Blood Stream Infection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the HAIs surveillance sistem. The research method used is a descriptive evaluation study with an observational research design. The data sources used are the Reports and dissemination of HAIs Surveillance at RSU Haji Surabaya in 2019-2020. The results showed that HAIs cases at RSU Haji Surabaya in 2020 were 0.03%. The problems in the implementation of HAIs surveillance are the accuracy and completeness of data reports, implementation support facilities, and employee participation in training has not been running optimally, application bundle items are under repair, and job rotation for employees. Conclusion : the implementation of HAIs surveillance activities is in accordance the Regulation of the Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Number 27 of 2017 Tentang  Pedoman Pencegahan  Dan Pengendalian Infeksi  di Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan, but the implementation still running unoptimally, researchers recommend the implementation of reward and punishment activities for surveillance officers as a solution to improve the sistem surveillance

Correlation Between Climate Variations and Rotavirus Diarrhea in Under-Five Children in Sidoarjo District Year 2016 – 2019

Introduction: Rotavirus infection is one of the main causes of severe diarrhea and dehydration in toddlers. Climate variation is one of the factors that influence the outbreak of infectious diseases. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between climate variations and the incidence of rotavirus diarrhea among patients at the Soerya Mother and Child Hospital, Sidoarjo District in 2016 – 2019. Methods: This study used an ecological study with the Pearson correlation test. Rotavirus infection data was taken from the Viral Diarrhea Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, which was derived from fecal samples of patients with acute gastroenteritis with the unit of analysis at the individual level living in Sidoarjo district. Meanwhile, climate variation data were obtained from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency Indonesia official website with units of analysis at the population level. Results and Discussion: The number of rotavirus diarrhea for 48 months as many as 149 cases with an average air temperature of 28.2℃, rainfall of 191.4 mm², humidity of 77.31%, and wind speed of 2.82 knots. There was a weak correlation between rainfall and the incidence of rotavirus diarrhea (p=0.01 r=0.367) and a weak correlation with humidity (p=0.016; r=0.347). Meanwhile, the air temperature (p=0.909 r=0.017) and wind speed (p=0.272 r=-0.162) had no relationship with the incidence. Conclusion: Rainfall and high humidity are factors associated with the prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea in children under-five years in the Sidoarjo District

Optimization of Process Parameters of Immobilized Escherichia Coli for Cyclodextrin Production

The growing interest toward cylclodectrin (CD) application in industries is due to its unique structure that able to form inclusion complexes with substances. However, the problems arise during the CD synthesis using the commercial enzyme (cyclodextrin glucanotransferase) are low production rate and the process is expensive. Hence, cell immobilization system was used. The objective of this study is to optimize the process parameters using Response Surface Methodology to increase the CD production of the immobilized cell. High CD production was achieved after the optimization process. The reusability of immobilized cell also can be reuse up to six cycles using the optimized parameters. The findings propose that optimization process increased the CD production and made it more valuable for industrial application

Ultradeep Sequencing for Detection of Quasispecies Variants in the Major Hydrophilic Region of Hepatitis B Virus in Indonesian Patients

Quasispecies of hepatitis B virus (HBV) with variations in the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) can evolve during infection, allowing HBV to evade neutralizing antibodies. These escape variants may contribute to chronic infections. In this study, we looked for MHR variants in HBV quasispecies using ultradeep sequencing and evaluated the relationship between these variants and clinical manifestations in infected patients. We enrolled 30 Indonesian patients with hepatitis B infection (11 with chronic hepatitis and 19 with advanced liver disease). The most common subgenotype/subtype of HBV was B3/adw (97%). The HBsAg titer was lower in patients with advanced liver disease than that in patients with chronic hepatitis. The MHR variants were grouped based on the percentage of the viral population affected: major, ≥20% of the total population; intermediate, 5% to <20%; and minor, 1% to <5%. The rates of MHR variation that were present in the major and intermediate viral population were significantly greater in patients with advanced liver disease than those in chronic patients. The most frequent MHR variants related to immune evasion in the major and intermediate populations were P120Q/T, T123A, P127T, Q129H/R, M133L/T, and G145R. The major population of MHR variants causing impaired of HBsAg secretion (e.g., G119R, Q129R, T140I, and G145R) was detected only in advanced liver disease patients. This is the first study to use ultradeep sequencing for the detection of MHR variants of HBV quasispecies in Indonesian patients. We found that a greater number of MHR variations was related to disease severity and reduced likelihood of HBsAg titer

Molecular Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Rotavirus Infection Among Pediatric Patients in East Java, Indonesia During 2015–2018: Dynamic Changes in Rotavirus Genotypes From Equine-Like G3 to Typical Human G1/G3

Group A rotavirus (RVA) is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis among children worldwide, and effective RVA vaccines have been introduced in many countries. Here we performed a molecular epidemiological analysis of RVA infection among pediatric patients in East Java, Indonesia, during 2015–2018. A total of 432 stool samples were collected from hospitalized pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. None of the patients in this cohort had been immunized with an RVA vaccine. The overall prevalence of RVA infection was 31.7% (137/432), and RVA infection was significantly more prevalent in the 6- to 11-month age group than in the other age groups (P &lt; 0.05). Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) revealed that the most common G-P combination was equine-like G3P[8] (70.8%), followed by equine-like G3P[6] (12.4%), human G1P[8] (8.8%), G3P[6] (1.5%), and G1P[6] (0.7%). Interestingly, the equine-like strains were exclusively detected until May 2017, but in July 2017 they were completely replaced by a typical human genotype (G1 and G3), suggesting that the dynamic changes in RVA genotypes from equine-like G3 to typical human G1/G3 in Indonesia can occur even in the country with low RVA vaccine coverage rate. The mechanism of the dynamic changes in RVA genotypes needs to be explored. Infants and children with RVA-associated gastroenteritis presented more frequently with some dehydration, vomiting, and watery diarrhea, indicating a greater severity of RVA infection compared to those with non-RVA gastroenteritis. In conclusion, a dynamic change was found in the RVA genotype from equine-like G3 to a typical human genotype. Since severe cases of RVA infection were prevalent, especially in children aged 6 to 11 months or more generally in those less than 2 years old, RVA vaccination should be included in Indonesia’s national immunization program

The preliminary study of antioxidant activity from xylo-oligosaccharide of corncob (Zea mays) hydrolysis product with endo-bet-xylanase enzyme

Xylo-oligosaccharide derived from corncob hemicellulose has been reported to possess antioxidant activity. In order to assess the effective scavenging of xylo-oligosaccharide, we conducted in vitro studies based on self-made xylo-oligosaccharide with DPPH (2,2diphenyl-1 picrilhydrazil) method. Xylo-oligosaccharide was prepared with enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme used for hemicellulose hydrolysis was endo-β-xylanase enzyme from PC-01 isolated bactrerium. PC-01 isolated bacterium used in this study was Pacet hot spring which was isolated from East Java. Endo-β-xylanase enzyme is an extracelluler enzyme. There was about 0.199 U/mL after purification and dialysis process. Hydrolisis product of hemicellulose A and B from corncob were analyzed with TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) and HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). This analysis showed that hydrolysis product of hemicellulose B had a lot of xylo-oligosaccharide hydrolysis product of hemicellulose than Xylo-oligosaccharide hydrolysis product of hemicelluloses A. Xylo-olygosaccharide was analyzed as on antioxidant activity. Xylo-oligosaccharide hydrolysis product of hemicellulose B (IC = 48.96) has higher antioxidant activity than Xylo-oligosaccharide hydrolysis product of hemicellulose A (IC 50 50 = 92.302). The toxicity of xylo-oligosaccharide can be calculated by the value of LC 5 (Lethality concentration). LC of xylooligosaccharide derived from corncob hemicellulose was 400 ppm so that xylo-oligosaccharide has anti tumor activity because xylooligosaccharide hasLC 50 < 1000 ppm. 5

KONSTRUKSI SEKRESI EKSTRASELULER DAN PENINGKATAN pH OPTIMUM a-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDASE dari Geobacillus thermoleovorans IT 08

This study aims to obtain a-L-arabinofuranosidase extracellular expressed by M5 plasmid system in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and increased activity of a-L-arabinofuranosidase at alkaline pH through directed evolution. a-L-arabinofuranosidase from E. coli DH5a was successfully expressed and secreted in the M5 plasmid system (excretory expression system) with E. coli Bl21 (DE3) as host. Obtained optimum conditions for the expression of a-L-arabnofuranosidase extracellular from E. coli BL21 (DE3) / pBM5ABF done with the addition of 2,5 mM inducer IPTG and incubation time of 36 hours. In addition, the a-L-arabinofuranosidase extracellular enzyme has also been successfully purified by affinity chromatography system with Ni-NTA column. From the results of purification, the specific activity of crude enzyme was 8.191 U / mg, whereas a-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme of purification with Ni-NTA has a specific activity of 11.427 U / mg. Pure a-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme has optimum activity at 70 ° C and pH 8, while for the temperature stability ranging from 50 to 70 ° C and pH stability ranging from 4 to 7. a-L-arabinofuranosidase extracellular enzyme of E. coli BL21 (DE3) / pBM5ABF) that have been generated in this study had optimum activity at pH 8 and the activity decreased drastically at pH 9. For that would be an increase in the activity of a-L-arabinofuranosidase extracellular enzyme pH 9 by the method of directed evolution. Directed evolution process of gene a-L-arabinofuranosidase from mold pBM5ABF performed by PCR-errorprone. a-L-arabinofuranosidase extracellular enzyme variant of 10 colonies that have been selected from the first stage of screening results with MUA substrate with 96 well microtiter plate produces positive variants that emit high-intensity blue fluorescence at pH 9, the second stage of screening was then performed with pNPA substrate in buffer NaOH-glycine at pH 9. The highest activity in mutant A12 that is equal to 2.874223 U / ml, while for the activity of the control (wildtype) of 0.754 U / ml. This means that the activity of a-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme varian with pNPA substrate in buffer at pH 9 increased 4-fold of the enzyme activity of a-L-arabinofuranosidase wildtype