A Review on Managing Solid Waste Produced from Homes in Malaysia

There has been a sharp rise in the rate of waste generated on a global scale, owing to a rapid growth in population and urbanization. Enormous amounts of waste are being produced yearly. To illustrate the gravity of this situation, in 2018, there was a gargantuan estimate of 85 tons of waste disposed in Malaysia. Most of this disposed waste is not properly recycled, thus making waste a prevailing global threat against mankind and the environment. Waste originates from several different sources such as residences, industries, agriculture and manufacturing plants. In this work, the writers seek to dedicate a compilation of developments in research for managing solid waste produced from homes in Malaysia. Further, the generation of solid waste from households, their characteristics and impacts are also reviewed herein. In addition, the flow of waste from the time it is produced in homes until its disposal in Malaysia will also be examined and presented. The concept of ‘3R’ is implemented to manage the waste generated. This paper attempts to examine and solve the shortcomings in past works and to pave the way for future research on the solutions to control the pollution cause by the waste produced from homes

Effects of triggering mechanisms on the crashworthiness characteristics of square woven jute/epoxy composite tubes

The usage of composite materials has been growing widely over the years due to their excellent characteristics such as lightweight, high-energy absorption capability and corrosion resistance. In this study, the crashworthiness characteristics of square woven jute/epoxy composite tubes with different configuration of triggering mechanisms were tested and evaluated when subjected to quasi-static axial loading. The deformation morphology of each composite tube was captured by using high-resolution photography. The composite tubes were fabricated by using the combination of hand layup and compression bladder moulding techniques in which total of three layers of woven bi-directional natural jute fabric (plain weave mat) were used, each with wall thickness and length of 3 mm and 100 mm, respectively. To induce the progressive crushing of composite tubes, four different types of triggering mechanisms were used: the non-trigger, single chamfered trigger, double chamfered trigger and tulip trigger. The influence of energy absorption, crush force efficiency, peak load, mean load and load–displacement history was examined and discussed. From this study, most of the composite tubes failed in progressive manner rather than catastrophic failure. Overall, the tulip trigger configuration is considered the optimal design for crashworthy structure applications

The Effects of Triggering Mechanisms on the Energy Absorption Capability of Circular Jute/Epoxy Composite Tubes under Quasi-Static Axial Loading

The usage of composite materials have been improving over the years due to its superior mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, high energy absorption capability, and corrosion resistance. In this present study, the energy absorption capability of circular jute/ epoxy composite tubes were tested and evaluated. To induce the progressive crushing of the composite tubes, four different types of triggering mechanisms were used which were the nontrigger, single chamfered trigger, double chamfered trigger and tulip trigger. Quasi-static axial loading test was carried out to understand the deformation patterns and the load-displacement characteristics for each composite tube. Besides that, the influence of energy absorption, crush force efficiency, peak load, mean load and load-displacement history were examined and discussed. The primary results displayed a significant influence on the energy absorption capability provided that stable progressive crushing occurred mostly in the triggered tubes compared to the non-triggered tubes. Overall, the tulip trigger configuration attributed the highest energy absorptio

Quasi-static Axial Crushing of E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite by Different Number of Plies

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the crushing mechanism on e-glass under various loading. To do so, cylindrical composites tubes are required to be fabricated as the specimen. To test the various variable that might affect the energy absorption of the specimen, the hand's lay-up process had been selected. Glass fiber reinforced composites tubes were fabricated with a fiber content of 1 to 3 layers. To evaluate the effect of the crushing mechanism of the fabricated composite tubes, a compression test was conducted. The effect of fabrication method and thickness of specimen were studied. In addition, the response of crush load–displacement, peak load, total energy absorption, specific energy absorption, and crush force efficiency were determined. Furthermore, the microstructure of all the specimens was analyzed using the digital microscope. As a result, it indicates that energy absorption capabilities are highly dominated by a higher reinforcement layers. H3 has the highest specific energy absorption which is 9.3 kJ/kg

Kenaf Fibre Composites As Promising Green-Composites For Automotive Car Door Map Pocket Application

The utilisation of natural fibres in composite materials is expanding because of an enactment that constrains automotive makers to reuse and recycle materials, leading to an increase in bio-based materials substances in automotive applications. An experimental investigation was conducted to explore car door map pocket for PROTON Saga FL by using non-woven kenaf (N-W) and hybrid from non-woven/ woven fabric kenaf (HN-W/W). The Hand Lay-up Method followed by vacuum bagging process were used. The results revealed that L2 HN-W/W was the reasonable sample for car door map pocket due to its light weight, good tensile strength and flexural strength as compared to PP. It was also found that the tensile strength and flexural strength were improved by utilising woven kenaf fabric in composites. Result implications and future research directions were also presented

Laminated Jute and Glass FibreReinforced Composite forRepairing Concrete Through Wrapping Technique

Natural fiberreinforced composite in concrete structure material has attracted many researchers and engineers in recent decades due to its good agreement in mechanical properties, economics, and sustainability. An experimental investigation was conducted to investigate the jute and glass fiberlaminated composite for cylindricalconcrete repair.Jute and glass fiberwere used as reinforcement, and vinyl ester (VE) served as the matrix.The vacuum bagging technique was used to wrap the cylindrical concrete columns with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 150 mm.Compression and Brazilian tests were performed on the specimen.It was discovered that the four (4) layers of jute fiberreinforced thermoset (JFRT) composite had the highest mechanical properties, with an improvement of 72.62%when compared to glass fibrereinforced thermoset (GFRT) composite. It can be concluded that both GFRT and JFRT had the potential to improve the mechanical properties performance of cylindrical concrete specimens with an increase of up to five (5) layers of woven fiber.The results presented here may facilitate improvements in the concrete specimen by using JFRT where it was suggested to have a higher improvement for the concrete specimen with the optimum layers applied.As a result, jute fiberhas been shown to perform better and can be used as an alternative to glass fiber.As a result, jute fiberhas been shown to perform better and can be used as an alternative to glass fiber

The Impact of Covid-19 on Human Rescue Operations: A Review on Past Unmanned - Water Rescue Boats (U-Wrb) and Adopting Them to The New Norm

Recently, the drowning cases of human beings are at an alarming rate. The current work presents a dedicated review on U-WRB for human rescue operations subjected to drowning. The review from year 1996 to 2018 highlights the key factors such as advantages and limitations of the developed U-WRB’s. Having completed the review, the work further proposes new research pathways that could be beneficial to the scientific community living in the new norm; COVID-19 where minimal contact between humans are of concern when it comes to human rescue operations. Possible new research pathways include but not limited to the type of sensors used, material selection, incorporation of state-of-the-art attachments to the U-WRB and customizable attachments to the main unit based on a given real time rescue operation are proposed

Enhanced Dynamic Energy Absorption in Carbon/Aramid Composite Tubes with Axially Graded Impedance

This study investigated the effects of carbon-aramid arrangement and strain rate on crush tube energy absorption. Round composite tubes, each consisting of three layers of fabric, were made using four different carbon-aramid hybridization schemes. Hand lay-up and compression bladder molding were used in the fabrication process. In two hybridization schemes, carbon-aramid fabrics were arranged to evaluate the effect of axially graded impedance relative to the tube impact end. Static crush and low-velocity impact (LVI) tests were conducted, and the force-displacement responses, energy absorption characteristics, and failure modes were compared. Test results revealed that energy absorption was 20% to 60% higher in the low-velocity impact test than in static crush, regardless of the hybridization schemes. In both tests, material arrangement played a surprisingly important role that was comparable to the tube carbon content in energy absorption. Maximum specific energy absorption of 26.21 kJ/kg was obtained in the hybridization scheme with the low impedance at the initiator end, with increasing impedance towards the impact end. This amount of specific energy absorption is almost equivalent to the other hybridization scheme that has twice the carbon fiber content. This scheme facilitated initial damage modes that favored progressive folding in the rest of the tube. This study presents the idea of enhancing the crashworthiness of crash boxes using axially graded impedance material arrangement. It is recommended that the idea be subjected to more testing for verification and potential commercialization

Inward crushing of square and round carbon/aramid multiple-segment tubes under axial quasi-static loading

The failure modes and energy absorption of square and round carbon/aramid multiple-segment tubes under quasi-static axial crushing were investigated. Cavity-shaped initiators were used to trigger inward crushing. The findings showed that for the same material lay-up, round tubes outperformed square tubes. The ability of the tube bottom segment to first crush symmetrically within the initiator had significant effects on the subsequent deformation modes of the tube. Among the tubes used in this study, those possessing graded stiffness with lower stiffness material at the initiator end and higher stiffness material at the crush end, crushed more uniformly within the initiator before folding progressively upward, displaying high energy absorption