Electrical Properties of Partial Carbonized Nanoporous Resin Based on Resorcinol-Formaldehyde

Abstract: Organic xerogel compounds were prepared by sol-gel method from resorcinol-formaldehyde mixtures in acetone using picric acid as catalyst. The electrical properties of the obtained nanoporous carbon structures were explored by changing the pyrolysis temperature. In this study the electrical conductivity σ can be expressed as σ =/σ 0 exp(-Eσ/kT), where Eσ depends on the carbonized temperature. The dc and ac conductivities of the obtained amorphous carbon have been investigated from 80 to 300 °C and in the frequency range between 40 and 10 6 Hz for samples pyrolysed at different temperatures in the insulator-metal transition range. The temperature dependence of samples pyrolysed at low temperatures (T p =600-675 °C) follows a Mott law, whereas samples pyrolysed at high temperature (T p =1000 °C) show an Arrhenius dependence

Synthesis, Characterization and Sensing Properties of AZO and IZO Nanomaterials

Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and In-doped ZnO (IZO) nanopowders were prepared by a sol-gel route and subsequent drying in ethanol under supercritical conditions. The morphological and microstructural properties were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The characterization study showed that the AZO and IZO nanoparticles were crystalline and exhibited the hexagonal wurtzite structure. Chemoresistive devices consisting of a thick layer of synthesized nanoparticles on interdigitated alumina substrates have been fabricated and their electrical and sensing characteristics were investigated. The sensor performances of the AZO and IZO nanoparticles for carbon monoxide (CO) were reported. The results indicated that both doped-sensors exhibited higher response and quick response/recovery dynamics compared to a ZnO-based sensor. These interesting sensing properties were discussed on the basis of the characterization data reported

Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Yellow-emitting SiO2/Zn2SiO4: Mn Nanocomposite

Yellow light emitting Mn2+-doped b-Zn2SiO4 phosphor nanoparticles embedded in SiO2 host matrix, were prepared by a simple solid-phase reaction under natural atmosphere at 1500 °C for 2 hours after the incorporation of manganese doped zinc oxide nanoparticles in silica using sol-gel method. The SiO2/Zn2SiO4:Mn nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL). The nanopowder was crystallized in triclinic b-Zn2SiO4 phase with a particles size varies between 70 nm and 84 nm. The SiO2/b-Zn2SiO4:Mn nanocomposite exhibited a broad yellow emission band at 575 nm under UV excitation light. The dependence of the intensity and energy position of the obtained PL band on measurement temperature and power excitation will be discussed

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF FERRITE-LOADED WAVEGUIDE DISCONTINUITY BY TRANSVERSE OPERATOR METHOD COMBINED WITH MODE-MATCHING METHOD

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Structural, EPR and optical properties of Zn

ZnO nanopowders with different 3d transition metal (TM) doping (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) were synthesized by a new protocol based on slow hydrolyse of zinc acetate dissolved in methanol and supercritical drying in ethyl alcohol. The prepared Zn1−xTMxO (x = 0.25) nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The results demonstrated that the TM dopant significantly affects the structural and magnetic properties of the samples. From the XRD spectra, the lattice parameters, average crystallite size and microstrain values were obtained. All ZnTMO nanoparticles show an expansion of the lattice parameters compared those of the bulk samples. Unit cell volume was minimized with Fe doping and increased as the atomic number of the dopant moved away from Fe. The XRD pattern indicates the formation of hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO for all the TM dopants. Electron microscopy characterization showed that the size of the Zn1−xTMxO particles is about 25 nm did not change significantly for the different dopants. Optical absorption measurements show that band gap energies of the TM-doped ZnO nanoparticles are around 3.2 eV. The Urbach energy of the ZnTMO nanopowders varies with the TM dopant. From magnetic measurements we observed the presence of room temperature ferromagnetic order in our TM-doped ZnO samples. EPR spectra confirm that TM ions were mainly incorporated as TM2+, occupying the Zn2+ sites in the wurtzite structure of ZnO. Room temperature ferromagnetic order was observed only in Ni- and Co-doped ZnO samples, whereas Mn- and Fe-doped powders showed only antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic interactions, respectively. The correlation between the structural and magnetic properties as a function of the TM dopant is discussed

CO and NO2 Selective Monitoring by ZnO-Based Sensors

ZnO nanomaterials with different shapes were synthesized, characterized and tested in the selective monitoring of low concentration of CO and NO2 in air. ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofibers (NFs) were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method in supercritical conditions and electrospinning technique, respectively. CO and NO2 sensing tests have demonstrated that the annealing temperature and shape of zinc oxide nanomaterials are the key factors in modulating the electrical and sensing properties. Specifically, ZnO NPs annealed at high temperature (700 °C) have been found sensitive to CO, while they displayed negligible response to NO2. The opposite behavior has been registered for the one-dimensional ZnO NFs annealed at medium temperature (400 °C). Due to their adaptable sensitivity/selectivity characteristics, the developed sensors show promising applications in dual air quality control systems for closed ambient such as automotive cabin, parking garage and tunnels

Negative Differential Resistance and Long-Lived Changes in the Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Composites Induced by Electrothermal Effects

In this study, the negative differential resistance (NDR) phenomenon in two-terminal devices composed of pyrogallol-formaldehyde/ZrO2 composite materials is investigated. It is demonstrated that the NDR is caused by electrothermal effects, which can be observed through the dependence of the NDR on both voltage and temperature. Additionally, it is showed that the NDR peak current and peak/valley voltages can be effectively modulated using electrical pulses that produce mild Joule heating. This modulation arises from the formation of a conductive metastable state, which decays to equilibrium according to power law kinetics. It is suggested that this metastable state is generated through a reversible structural rearrangement induced by heat. The ability to electronically tune the NDR characteristics of carbon composites may have potential applications in electronically controlled oscillators and neuromorphic circuits

Elaboration and characterization of ZnO transition metal (Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) doped aerogel nanoparticles

International audienceNanocrystalline transition metal (TM=Co, Mn, Ni, Fe) doped zinc oxide powders have been elaborated by a new protocol based on slow hydrolyse of zinc acetate dissolved in methanol and supercritical drying in ethyl alcohol. The powders have a narrow size distribution with an average value of similar to 25nm. Electron microscopy characterization showed that the size of the ZnO:TM particles did not change significantly for the different dopants. High doping levels of up to [TMI] =0.25 have been investigated. X-ray diffraction studies showed the formation of the ZnO wurtzite phase for all dopants but secondary phases are equally detected. High temperature ferromagnetism was observed for Ni and Co doped powders whereas Mn doped powders showed only antiferromagnetic interactions. EPR spectroscopy indicates that the magnetism is related to the presence of extrinsic phases

Electrical Properties of Partial Carbonized Nanoporous Resin Based on Resorcinol-Formaldehyde

Organic xerogel compounds were prepared by sol-gel method from resorcinol- formaldehyde mixtures in acetone using picric acid as catalyst. The electrical properties of the obtained nanoporous carbon structures were explored by changing the pyrolysis temperature. In this study the electrical conductivity σ can be expressed as σ =/σ0exp(-Eσ/kT), where Eσ depends on the carbonized temperature. The dc and ac conductivities of the obtained amorphous carbon have been investigated from 80 to 300 °C and in the frequency range between 40 and 106 Hz for samples pyrolysed at different temperatures in the insulator-metal transition range. The temperature dependence of samples pyrolysed at low temperatures (Tp=600–675 °C) follows a Mott law, whereas samples pyrolysed at high temperature (Tp=1000 °C) show an Arrhenius dependence

Magnetic properties of ZnO : Ni aerogel nanopowders: Effect of thermal treatments

International audienceWe report the elaboration of Ni doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a sot-gel processing technique. In our approach the water for hydrolyse was slowly released by esterification of the metal acetate with methanol followed by a supercritical drying in ethyl alcohol. Doping concentrations between 5 and 25 at% have been investigated. In the as-prepared state the powders with an average particle size of 30nm present ferromagnetic properties; thermal annealing in the 500 degrees C to 700 degrees C temperature range in air or oxygen modifies the magnetic properties. We ascribe the observed ferromagnetism to the presence and transformation of Ni based secondary phases