Rapid Prototyping of Functional Three-Dimensional Microsolenoids and Electromagnets by High-Pressure Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition

Three-dimensional laser chemical vapor deposition (3D-LCVD) is an emerging process which bridges the gap between various macro-scale rapid prototyping (RP) systems and microfabrication technologies. With the ability to deposit both metals and dielectrics 3D-LCVD may be used to prototype integrated electromechanical components from sub-micron to centimeter scales. This technological niche is increasingly important with the ever-decreasing size and sophistication of consumer and industrial products. The objective of this work was the development of functional microsolenoids and electromagnets, using 3D-LCVD as the primary fabrication tool. High-aspect-ratio microsolenoids have the potential to generate much greater magnetic-field densities than their thin-film counterparts,l and have many advantages when used as actuators in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).2 3D-LCVD provides a means of fabricating such helical structures, with an ease unparalleled by any lithographic or rapid prototyping process.Mechanical Engineerin

Reply to Comment on "A local realist model for correlations of the singlet state"

The general conclusion of Seevinck and Larsson is that our model exploits the so-called coincidence-time loophole and produces sinusoidal (quantum-like) correlations but does not model the singlet state because it does not violate the relevant Bell inequality derived by Larsson and Gill, since in order to obtain the sinusoidal correlations the probability of coincidences in our model goes to zero. In this reply, we refute their arguments that lead to this conclusion and demonstrate that our model can reproduce results of photon and ion-trap experiments with frequencies of coincidences that are not in conflict with the observations.Comment: Corrected typo

T-cell activation by organic dust in vitro

AbstractInhalation of swine dust causes intense airway inflammation with a multifold increase of inflammatory cells and lymphocyte activation as assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. To further investigate the mechanism for lymphocyte activation the present in vitro study focuses on the lymphocyte response to swine dust in whole blood.Various concentrations of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) (final concentrations: 3·16, 10·0, 3·16 and 100 μ g ml−1) and swine dust (final cocentrations: 10·0, 31·6, 100 and 316 μ g ml−1) were added to heparinized whole blood from healthy donors. The blood samples were incubated in duplicate, using the homologous unstimulated blood as control, for 4, 24, 48 and 72 h in a water bath at 37°C. The cells were stained with fluorochrome conjugated monoclonal antibodies. For analysis of T-cell activation CD3 was doublestained together with the activation markers CD69, CD25 and HLADR. Cell count percentages were analysed by flow cytometry. Soluble IL-2sR α in plasma was analysed using commercial sandwich ELISA techniqe.At baseline CD69, CD25 and HLA-DR were expressed in < 1%, approx 5% and < 1% of the T-cells respectively. We found a dose response relationship between swine dust exposure and the expression of all three T-cell activation markers which appeared at different time-points. Maximal expression of CD69 (8%,P <0·05) and CD25 (15%, P<0·001) was found after 24 h of activation. HLA-DR was significantly expressed after 48 h (8%) and maximally expressed after 72 h of activation (13%,P <0·05). The soluble IL-2sR α in plasma was maximally expressed after 24–48 h (1200 pg ml−1and 1500 pg ml−1, respectively.In conclusion, T-cells were activated by swine dustin vitro . Thus, our previous findings of T-cell activation following swine dust exposure, in vivo may be an effect of the dust either directly on T-cells or on other cells which in turn contribute to the T-cell activation

Use of net cages for fish farming in swedish conditions

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