Effect of Alkali Water on Dairy Cows

While alkali water is not general in South Dakota, it is prevalent in certain sections of the. Semi-arid portions of the state. In some places the water is so charged with soluble minerals that it has been a question whether cows and other stock could drink it without being injured. In some of these sections the cows became \u27\u27alkalied.\u27\u27 By many this disease was laid to drinking the alkali water. In a previous bulletin (Bul. 132) the results of the experiments on the effects of alkali water on dairy products are reported. The effects of this kind of water on cows are reported in this bulletin. The experiment was conducted chiefly with two purposes in view: First, to find out whether strong alkali water would produce the so-called \u27\u27 alkali disease;\u27\u27 and second, to find how the excess of minerals in the alkali water was eliminated from the cow\u27s body

Effects of Alkali Water on Dairy Products

Alkali water, or water containing an unusual amount of soluble minerals, especially sulphates, is chiefly found in arid and semi-arid regions. Since the minerals are in the soil, the amount and kind of minerals contained in the water varies according to kind of soil lay of land, kind of cultivation, manured or unmanured, drained or undrained, and climatic conditions. The amount and kind of minerals found in the examined and analyzed water from the different wells may be found in Tables I and II. Many inquiries were received from localities in which alkali water is most prevalent relative to the effects of its use in connection with the varied phases of the dairy industry. Experience of certain dairy farmers indicated that the milk from cows drinking alkali water did not coagulate normally for cheese-making purposes when rennet was added. Others refuse to let the cows drink it, fearing that the cows and the milk might be injured, while other dairy farmers thought that washing the butter in alkali water would affect the butter. At the National Creamery Butter Makers Convention held in St. Louis in 1907, a creamery operator from an adjoining state asked the question, Is it injurious to wash butter in alkali butter? In this large audience composed of practical and scientific dairy and creamery men, no one was able to give a definite answer

The Role of Water in a Dairy Cow\u27s Ration

In connection with the investigations by this department on \u27\u27The Effect of Alkali Water on Dairy Cows and Dairy Products\u27\u27 it became evident that the information on the functions of water in the ration of a dairy cow was meager. Furthermore, during this work some clews were obtained which the investigators desired to carry to a conclusion. . . . It is the object of the investigation reported in this bulletin to study the effects of watering the cow at different intervals and in varying amounts upon the amount of food consumed, digestibility of nutrients, amount and composition of feces and urine, amount and composition of milk, composition and quality of butterfat, body temperature and physical condition of cows. Incidentally, the bulletin furnishes some data on the mineral metabolism of the cow

Two-dimensional negative donors in magnetic fields

A finite-difference solution of the Schroedinger equation for negative donor centers D^- in two dimensions is presented. Our approach is of exact nature and allows us to resolve a discrepancy in the literature on the ground state of a negative donor. Detailed calculations of the energies for a number of states show that for field strengths less than \gamma=0.117 a.u. the donor possesses one bound state, for 0.117<\gamma<1.68 a.u. there exist two bound states and for field strengths \gamma>1.68 a.u. the system possesses three bound states. Further relevant characteristics of negative donors in magnetic fields are provided.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur

Young star clusters in M31

In our study of M31's globular cluster system with MMT/Hectospec, we have obtained high-quality spectra of 85 clusters with ages less than 1 Gyr. With the exception of Hubble V, the young cluster in NGC 205, we find that these young clusters have kinematics and spatial distribution consistent with membership in M31's young disk. Preliminary estimates of the cluster masses and structural parameters, using spectroscopically derived ages and HST imaging, confirms earlier suggestions that M31 has clusters similar to the LMC's young populous clusters.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, contributed talk at "Galaxies in the Local Volume" conference in Sydney, July 200

Energy Dependence of the Ratio of Isovector Effective Interaction Strengths |J_στ/J_τ| from 0° (p,n) Cross Sections

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grants NSF PHY 78-22774 A03, NSF PHY 81-14339, and by Indiana Universit

General Features of the Gamow-Teller Resonances

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 78-22774 A02 & A03 and by Indiana Universit

Matching gauge theory and string theory in a decoupling limit of AdS/CFT

We identify a regime of the AdS/CFT correspondence in which we can quantitatively match N=4 super Yang-Mills (SYM) for small 't Hooft coupling with weakly coupled type IIB string theory on AdS_5 x S^5. We approach this regime by taking the same decoupling limit on both sides of the correspondence. On the gauge theory side only the states in the SU(2) sector survive, and in the planar limit the Hamiltonian is given by the XXX_{1/2} Heisenberg spin chain. On the string theory side we show that the decoupling limit corresponds to a non-relativistic limit. In this limit some of the bosonic modes and all of the fermionic modes of the string become infinitely heavy and decouple. We first take the decoupling limit of the string sigma-model classically. This enables us to identify a semi-classical regime with semi-classical string states even though we are in a regime corresponding to small 't Hooft coupling. We furthermore analyze the quantum corrections that enter in taking the limit. From this we infer that gauge theory and string theory match, both in terms of the action and the spectrum, for the leading part and the first correction away from the semi-classical regime. Finally we consider the implications for the hitherto unexplained matching of the one-loop contribution to the energy of certain gauge theory and string theory states, and we explain how our results give a firm basis for the matching of the Hagedorn temperature in hep-th/0608115.Comment: 29 pages, 1 figure. v2: Version published in JHEP, section 4 improve

A conserved major facilitator superfamily member orchestrates a subset of O-glycosylation to aid macrophage tissue invasion.

Aberrant display of the truncated core1 O-glycan T-antigen is a common feature of human cancer cells that correlates with metastasis. Here we show that T-antigen in Drosophila melanogaster macrophages is involved in their developmentally programmed tissue invasion. Higher macrophage T-antigen levels require an atypical major facilitator superfamily (MFS) member that we named Minerva which enables macrophage dissemination and invasion. We characterize for the first time the T and Tn glycoform O-glycoproteome of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, and determine that Minerva increases the presence of T-antigen on proteins in pathways previously linked to cancer, most strongly on the sulfhydryl oxidase Qsox1 which we show is required for macrophage tissue entry. Minerva's vertebrate ortholog, MFSD1, rescues the minerva mutant's migration and T-antigen glycosylation defects. We thus identify a key conserved regulator that orchestrates O-glycosylation on a protein subset to activate a program governing migration steps important for both development and cancer metastasis

In Situ Observations of the Deformation Behavior and Fracture Mechanisms of Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn+0.8 vol pct TiB₂

The deformation and fracture mechanisms of a nearly lamellar Ti-45Al-2Nb-2Mn (at. pct) + 0.8 vol pct TiB₂ intermetallic, processed into an actual low-pressure turbine blade, were examined by means of in situ tensile and tensile-creep experiments performed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Low elongation-to-failure and brittle fracture were observed at room temperature, while the larger elongations-to-failure at high temperature facilitated the observation of the onset and propagation of damage. It was found that the dominant damage mechanisms at high temperature depended on the applied stress level. Interlamellar cracking was observed only above 390 MPa, which suggests that there is a threshold below which this mechanism is inhibited. Failure during creep tests at 250 MPa was controlled by intercolony cracking. The in situ observations demonstrated that the colony boundaries are damage nucleation and propagation sites during tensile creep, and they seem to be the weakest link in the microstructure for the tertiary creep stage. Therefore, it is proposed that interlamellar areas are critical zones for fracture at higher stresses, whereas lower stress, high-temperature creep conditions lead to intercolony cracking and fracture.The authors are grateful to Industria de Turbo Propulsores, S.A. for supplying the intermetallic blades. Funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects MAT2009-14547-C02-01 and MAT2009-14547-C02-02 is acknowledged. The Madrid Regional Government supported this project partially through the ESTRUMAT grant P2009/MAT-1585. C.J.B. acknowledges the support from Grant SAB2009-0045 from the Spanish Ministry of Education for his sabbatical stage in Madrid.Publicad