7 research outputs found

    Increased expression of cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, soluble apoptosis ligand and apoptosis in dengue

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    AbstractSeveral studies have been performed to determine biomarkers that define the risk factors to developing severe forms of dengue. In this study, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, IL-17, soluble interleukin-1 receptor like 1 protein (sST2), soluble TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL), IL-12 and soluble receptors for TNF (sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII) were determined by ELISA in dengue patients and monocyte/macrophage cultures. Dengue was classified as dengue without warning symptoms (DNWS), with warning symptoms (DWWS) and severe dengue (SD). High values of IL-6, sTNFRI, sTNFRII and sST2 were observed in DWWS and/or SD and IL-12 and sTRAIL in DNWS. TNF-α and IL-17 were increased not associated to the disease severity. High production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17, sST2 and sTRAIL and apoptosis expression were observed in dengue monocyte/macrophage cultures. This study shows that beneficial or deleterious biomarkers can be present in dengue regardless the disease severity and that monocytes may be in part the source of studied molecules

    Aminotransferasas séricas en pacientes con Dengue tipo 3

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    Indicaci\uf3n de hemoderivados en dengue

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    En nuestro tr\uf3pico y espec\uedficamente en Suram\ue9rica, las enfermedades virales hemorr\ue1gicas se encuentran actualmente en estado de reemergencia. Venezuela ha tenido durante la \ufaltima d\ue9cada brotes epid\ue9micos de fiebres hemorr\ue1gicas virales, la m\ue1s importante, tanto por su endemicidad como por las crecientes tasas de morbimortalidad, es el Dengue. Actualmente se observa con gran preocupaci\uf3n que la situaci\uf3n se hace cada vez m\ue1s compleja. Los cambios gen\ue9ticos del virus hacen posible la aparici\uf3n de cepas m\ue1s virulentas, adem\ue1s de la cocirculaci\uf3n de diferentes serotipos en una misma regi\uf3n geogr\ue1fica, todo ello deriva en un mayor riesgo de aparici\uf3n de las formas severas de la enfermedad, Fiebre Hemorr\ue1gica por Dengue (FHD) y S\uedndrome de Choque por Dengue (SCD) (1). Estudios seroepidemiol\uf3gicos indican que en Venezuela, especificamente en la regi\uf3n zuliana, un gran porcentaje de la poblaci\uf3n ha sido infectado previamente por el virus, y es bien conocido que una infecci\uf3n secundaria o heterot\uedpica tiene mayor riesgo de desarrollar FHD. Las alteraciones hematol\uf3gicas en dengue son variables. Anteriormente, los estudios hematol\uf3gicos estaban abocados al estudio de las anormalidades plaquetarias, hoy en d\ueda, gracias a estudios sobre inmunopatogenesis, se conoce que la FHD comprende cambios fisiopatologicos complejos y que los sistemas principalmente involucrados son hematol\uf3gico, vascular y hep\ue1tico. Todos ellos tienen competencia en el mantenimiento de la hemostasia. Actualmente los fen\uf3menos hemorr\ue1gicos tratan de ser explicados por trombopat\ueda, tanto por trombocitopenia como por disfunci\uf3n plaquetaria, vasculopat\ueda, principalmente por lesi\uf3n endotelial y trastornos de coagulaci\uf3n que derivan en coagulaci\uf3n intravascular diseminada (CID) (2). El manejo del paciente con Dengue, depende de la forma cl\uednica y de la severidad de la enfermedad; la terap\ue9utica var\ueda desde el tratamiento sintom\ue1tico en forma ambulatoria, hasta la hospitalizaci\uf3n en los casos severos, con tratamiento de sost\ue9n y reemplazo fisiol\uf3gico (3)..

    Impacto económico del dengue y del dengue hemorrágico en el Estado de Zulia, Venezuela, 1997-2003 Economic impact of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the State of Zulia, Venezuela, 1997-2003

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    OBJETIVOS: Determinar los costos directos e indirectos asociados con la atención de los casos de dengue y de dengue hemorrágico o síndrome de choque por dengue (DH/SCD) entre los años 1997 y 2003 en el Estado de Zulia, Venezuela. MÉTODOS: El número total de pacientes con dengue y DH/SCD se obtuvo de los registros de la Dirección Regional de Epidemiología del Estado de Zulia y de los informes de casos confirmados en la Sección de Virología del Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas Dr. Américo Negrette, de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, entre el 1.° de enero de 1997 y el 31 de diciembre de 2003. Como costos directos se consideraron el costo de la atención médica de urgencia de todos los casos y los costos de hospitalización de los casos con DH/SCD (costo por día-cama y costos de laboratorio). Los costos asociados con la ausencia laboral de los enfermos mayores de 15 años y de las madres acompañantes de los enfermos menores de 15 años conformaron los costos indirectos, ajustados según la proporción de hombres y mujeres en la fuerza laboral activa del país. Para el cálculo se utilizó el salario mínimo anual y los resultados se expresaron en dólares estadounidenses, según la tasa de cambio promedio de cada año. RESULTADOS: En el período estudiado se atendieron 33 857 casos de dengue y de DH/SCD; de ellos, 30 251 (89,35%) fueron de dengue y 3 606 (10,65%) de DH/SCD. Seis de estos fallecieron (letalidad 0,2 por 100 casos de DH/SCD). Los costos directos fueron US474251,70;deesasuma,US 474 251,70; de esa suma, US 132 042,30 correspondieron a la atención en los servicios de urgencia y US342209,40alosgastosdehospitalizacioˊndeloscasosconDH/SCD.LoscostosindirectosascendieronaUS 342 209,40 a los gastos de hospitalización de los casos con DH/SCD. Los costos indirectos ascendieron a US 873 825,84 y representaron 64,8% del gasto total (US1348077,54)relacionadoconestaenfermedadenlosan~osestudiados.CONCLUSIONES:EsteeselprimerestudioacercadelimpactoeconoˊmicodeldengueenelEstadodeZuliayenVenezuela.Apesardequeelestudiotuvoalgunaslimitaciones,losresultadosdemuestranqueeldengueconstituyeunimportanteproblemadesaludpuˊblicaqueocasionagrandesgastosporausentismolaboraltemporalyqueafectaconsiderablementealdesarrollodelaeconomıˊaregionalynacional.OBJECTIVES:Todeterminethedirectandindirectcostsofmedicalcareprovidedtocasesofdengueanddenguehemorrhagicfever/dengueshocksyndrome(DHF/DSS)between1997and2003inZuliaState,Venezuela.METHODS:ThetotalnumberofpatientswithdengueandDHF/DSSwasobtainedfromrecordsbelongingtotheRegionalEpidemiologyOfficeofthestateofZuliaandfromreportsofcasesthatwereconfirmedintheVirologySectionofDr.AmericoNegrettesClinicalResearchInstitute,ZuliaUniversity,Maracaibo,Venezuela,between1January1997and31December2003.DirectcostsincludedthecostofemergencymedicalcareforallcasesandhospitalcostsforcaseswithDHF/DSS(costperbeddayandlaboratoryexpenses).Thecostsconnectedtoabsencefromworkamongpatientsover15yearsofageandmotherswhoaccompaniedtheirchildrenunder15yearsofagecomprisedtheindirectcosts,whichwereadjustedfortheproportionofmenandwomeninthelaborforce.Calculationswerebasedontheminimumyearlywage,andresultsweregiveninUnitedStatesdollars,convertedaccordingtoeachyearsaverageexchangerate.RESULTS:Duringthestudyperiod,33857casesofdengueandDHF/DSSwereseen.Ofthem,30251(89.35 1 348 077,54) relacionado con esta enfermedad en los años estudiados. CONCLUSIONES: Este es el primer estudio acerca del impacto económico del dengue en el Estado de Zulia y en Venezuela. A pesar de que el estudio tuvo algunas limitaciones, los resultados demuestran que el dengue constituye un importante problema de salud pública que ocasiona grandes gastos por ausentismo laboral temporal y que afecta considerablemente al desarrollo de la economía regional y nacional.OBJECTIVES: To determine the direct and indirect costs of medical care provided to cases of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) between 1997 and 2003 in Zulia State, Venezuela. METHODS: The total number of patients with dengue and DHF/DSS was obtained from records belonging to the Regional Epidemiology Office of the state of Zulia and from reports of cases that were confirmed in the Virology Section of Dr. Americo Negrette’s Clinical Research Institute, Zulia University, Maracaibo, Venezuela, between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2003. Direct costs included the cost of emergency medical care for all cases and hospital costs for cases with DHF/DSS (cost per bed-day and laboratory expenses). The costs connected to absence from work among patients over 15 years of age and mothers who accompanied their children under 15 years of age comprised the indirect costs, which were adjusted for the proportion of men and women in the labor force. Calculations were based on the minimum yearly wage, and results were given in United States dollars, converted according to each year’s average exchange rate. RESULTS: During the study period, 33 857 cases of dengue and DHF/DSS were seen. Of them, 30 251 (89.35%) were cases of dengue, and 3 606 (10.65%) were cases of DHF/DSS. Six cases of DHF/DSS died (lethality rate: 0.2 per 100 cases of DHF/DSS). Direct costs were US 474 251.70; of these costs, US132042.30werespentonemergencymedicalcareandUS 132 042.30 were spent on emergency medical care and US 342 209.40 on the hospital costs of DHF/DSS cases. Indirect costs were US873825.84andcomprised64.8 873 825.84 and comprised 64.8% of overall expenditures (US 1 348 077.54) connected to this disease during the study years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study on the economic impact of dengue in the state of Zulia and in Venezuela. In spite of some limitations, results show that dengue is an important public health problem that causes great expense because of temporary absenteeism from work and that undermines regional and national economic development

    Allergic rhinitis in asthmatic patients

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    Background: Allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma are airways chronic inflammatory processes, with a correlation of 28-78%. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and classification of allergic rhinitis on asthmatic patients, according to the workshop Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA), and to assess the total serum concentrations of IgE and the presence of nasal and blood eosinophilia. Material and method: A study was done with asthmatic patients ages 7 to 14, attending the Pediatric Service at the Hospital General del Sur Dr. Pedro Iturbe, Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Subjects were polled for signs and symptoms suggesting allergic rhinitis and its impact on quality of life. Blood and nasal swab samples were taken to perform laboratory tests in study. Results: There were 60 asthmatic patients, 73.3% males and 70% scholar age patients. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was 93.3%, according to ARIA classification. Mild intermittent group was the most frequent type, with 42.8% the most frequent clinic sign was the allergic shiners (86.6%), and the predominant symptom was the nasal aqueous trickle (83.3%), while sleep disorders were the most common affection of quality of life (39.2%). In 85.7% of patients eosinophil percentage was higher than 3%, whereas in 75% total serum IgE values were higher than 100 Ul/mL. In patients with rhinitis, 61.9% of the nasal mucus showed altered eosinophils percentage higher than 10%. Conclusion: A high prevalence of allergic rhinitis is present in asthmatic patients, confirmed by laboratory tests, which proves an inflammatory response mediated by IgE

    Larvivorous capacity of the gold fish (Carassius auratus auratus) and the wild guppy (Poecilia reticulata) on larvaes of aedes aegypti in laboratory conditions

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    El control biológico de vectores de importancia médica se presenta como una alternativa al uso de plaguicidas. La utilización de peces larvívoros se promueve como una nueva estrategia para el control de vectores. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar el potencial de dos especies ícticas para el control biológico de mosquitos Aedes aegypti (principal vector del dengue) en condiciones de laboratorio. Un creciente número de larvas de A. aegypti en estadíos I, II y III (n: 25, 50 y 100) fueron colocados en acuarios con goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) y guppys salvajes (Poecilia reticulata). Se cuantificó la relación peso corporal/ larvas ingeridas/hora en diez ensayos. La especie Poecilia reticulata reflejó una mayor (P < 0,001) capacidad larvívora que C. auratus auratus, dado que cuando se administraron 25, 50 y 100 larvas, los Poecilia reticulata obtuvieron valores promedio de eliminación de 3,15 ± 0,12; 5,50 ± 0,31 y 10,95 ± 0,25, respectivamente, frente a 1,21 ± 0,03; 2,45 ± 0,02 y 4,73 ± 0,06 de los C. auratus auratus. Los resultados obtenidos son indicativos de que bajo las condiciones ensayadas, ambas especies de peces poseen alta capacidad de eliminación de larvas del mosquito A. aegypti; sin embargo, considerando su capacidad larvívora, disponibilidad, costo, características reproductivas y resistencia a las condiciones climáticas, la especie Poecilia reticulata ofrece ventajas importantes ante C. auratus auratus cuando ambos se evalúan integralmente como controladores poblacionales de mosquitos vectores.414 - 419BimestralThe biological control of vectors of medical importance is presented as an alternative to the use of plaguicides. The utilization of larvivorous fishes is promoted as a new strategy for the control of vectors. The proposal of this study is to evaluate the potential of two species of fishes for the biological control of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (main vector of Dengue) under laboratory conditions. A growing number of larvaes in stages I, II and III of A. aegypti (n: 25, 50 and 100) was placed in aquariums with goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) and wild guppys (Poecilia reticulata). The ratio body weight/eliminated larvaes/hour was quantified in ten assays. The species Poecilia reticulate had a higher (P < 0.001) larvivorous capacity than the species C. auratus auratus, since when 25, 50 and 100 larvaes were administrated the Poecilia reticulata were able to reach an average of larval elimination of 3.15 ± 0.12; 5.50 ± 0.31 and 10.95 ± 0.25, while the C. auratus auratus reached a maximum of 1.21 ± 0.03; 2.45 ± 0.02 and 4.73 ± 0.06. The results are indicative that under these conditions, both species of fish possess high capacity of elimination of larvaes of A. aegypti; however, considering their larvivorous capacity, readiness, cost, reproductive characteristics and resistance to the climatic conditions, the species Poecilia reticulate offers important advantages over C. auratus auratus when both species are evaluated integrally as candidates for the biological control
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