Fragmentation and Multifragmentation of 10.6A GeV Gold Nuclei

We present the results of a study performed on the interactions of 10.6A GeV gold nuclei in nuclear emulsions. In a minimum bias sample of 1311 interac- tions, 5260 helium nuclei and 2622 heavy fragments were observed as Au projec- tile fragments. The experimental data are analyzed with particular emphasis of target separation interactions in emulsions and study of criticalexponents. Multiplicity distributions of the fast-moving projectile fragments are inves- tigated. Charged fragment moments, conditional moments as well as two and three -body asymmetries of the fast moving projectile particles are determined in terms of the total charge remaining bound in the multiply charged projectile fragments. Some differences in the average yields of helium nuclei and heavier fragments are observed, which may be attributed to a target effect. However, two and three-body asymmetries and conditional moments indicate that the breakup mechanism of the projectile seems to be independent of target mass. We looked for evidence of critical point observable in finite nuclei by study the resulting charged fragments distributions. We have obtained the values for the critical exponents gamma, beta and tau and compare our results with those at lower energy experiment (1.0A GeV data). The values suggest that a phase transition like behavior, is observed.Comment: latex, revtex, 28 pages, 12 figures, 3tables, submitted to Europysics Journal

Western science, religion and Vietnamese traditional culture: Harmony or antagonism?

© 2020, Slovenska Vzdelavacia Obstaravacia. All rights reserved. The relationship between religion and science has been very diverse and dynamic in the thousands-year-long history of human thoughts, many times seen as the incompatible terms signifying very opposite realities. In European history, the era of so called or perceived “Dark-Middle-Ages” was dominated by, what is much later defined as the strong antagonism between them. It is true that in the name of religion, some books of ancient Greek and Renaissance philosophers were burned, and some scientists were trialed or even killed. It is therefore necessary to avoid the caricatures and present the more complex view on this matter. The situation in Europe has changed significantly in the 20th century, after the era of the 19th century Rationalism, which has started the process of understanding of the roots of the relationship between science and religion in a new way, offering thus an opportunity of a meaningful dialogue and cooperation rather than antagonism and strict opposition. In Western Europe today, many scientists and theologians are engaged in ongoing and productive dialogue about the relationship of faith and science. In the pre-colonial period, Vietnamese traditional culture was generally Confucian and Buddhist. Then the Confucian traditional education was replaced by the new national education system under the influence of certain Western model. While introducing Marxism, a lot of changes appeared in the relationship between religion and science in the country. Our study describes the relationship between religion and science in Europe and in Vietnam in the past and compares the present-time-situation both, in Europe and in Vietnam

Distributions of Rapidity Intervals, Jet Ranges and Maximum Rapidity Gaps in Proton - Proton Interactions at 200-GeV/c

The semiinclusive reaction p+p {yields} n charged particles + anything was investigated with nuclear emulsions irradiated with 200 GeV/c protons at the NAL accelerator (Batavia, US). They measured angles {Theta} of all charged particles. In every event particles were ordered on rapidity which was approximated by the value y = -lntg {Theta}lab/2. In every event particles were numbered on increasing the rapidity. Let us consider, for example, distributions of ordered rapidities and distributions of differences of various ordered rapidities and try to make a physical conclusion from the analysis of these distributions