Attitudes and willingness toward out-of-hospital CPR and AED: A questionnaire study among Chinese middle school students

Objectives: This study's purpose was to assess the attitudes and willingness of middle school students to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to use automated external defibrillator (AED) in emergencies, and to evaluate the overall effects of first aid training. Results: Middle school students demonstrated a high willingness to learn CPR (95.87%) and AED (77.90%). However, the rate of CPR (9.87%) and AED (3.51%) training was relatively low. These trainings could improve their confidence while facing emergencies. Their main concerns were “Lack of first aid knowledge”, “Lack of confidence in rescue skills” and “Fear of hurting the patient”. Conclusions: Chinese middle school students are willing to learn CPR and AED skills, but relative trainings are insufficient and should be reinforced

Overexpression of Salicylic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase (CsSAMT1) Enhances Tolerance to Huanglongbing Disease in Wanjincheng Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease or citrus greening is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) and is the most devastating disease in the global citrus industry. Salicylic acid (SA) plays a central role in regulating plant defenses against pathogenic attack. SA methyltransferase (SAMT) modulates SA homeostasis by converting SA to methyl salicylate (MeSA). Here, we report on the functions of the citrus SAMT (CsSAMT1) gene from HLB-susceptible Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) in plant defenses against Las infection. The CsSAMT1 cDNA was expressed in yeast. Using in vitro enzyme assays, yeast expressing CsSAMT1 was confirmed to specifically catalyze the formation of MeSA using SA as a substrate. Transgenic Wanjincheng orange plants overexpressing CsSAMT1 had significantly increased levels of SA and MeSA compared to wild-type controls. HLB resistance was evaluated for two years and showed that transgenic plants displayed significantly alleviated symptoms including a lack of chlorosis, low bacterial counts, reduced hyperplasia of the phloem cells, and lower levels of starch and callose compared to wild-type plants. These data confirmed that CsSAMT1 overexpression confers an enhanced tolerance to Las in citrus fruits. RNA-seq analysis revealed that CsSAMT1 overexpression significantly upregulated the citrus defense response by enhancing the transcription of disease resistance genes. This study provides insight for improving host resistance to HLB by manipulation of SA signaling in citrus fruits

Cloning and Expression Analysis of Citrus Genes CsGH3.1 and CsGH3.6 Responding to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Infection

To study the functions of the early auxin-responsive genes CsGH3.1 and CsGH3.6 in citrus resistance against canker disease, we cloned CsGH3.1 and CsGH3.6 in ‘Newhall’ Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). They are 1 797 bp and 1 887 bp and encode 598 and 629 amino acids, respectively. In vitro mature leaves from susceptible ‘Newhall’ and resistant Calamondin (C. madurensis) were inoculated by a Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) bacterial suspension, and expression of CsGH3.1 and CsGH3.6 in the two varieties were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). ‘Newhall’ leaves were treated with different hormones for 3 days, inoculated by Xac bacterial suspension, and then the symptoms in these leaves were investigated. We used qRT-PCR to analyze the effect of different hormones on CsGH3.1 and CsGH3.6 expression in ‘Newhall’ leaves. The expression levels of both CsGH3.1 and CsGH3.6 were significantly induced by Xac in ‘Newhall’ leaves, compared with levels in Calamondin leaves. 1-naphthy acetic acid (NAA) increased the hypertrophy of infection sites in ‘Newhall’ leaves, while naphthyl-phthalamic acid (NPA) had no visible effect on lesion development. NAA hormone greatly improved expression of CsGH3.1 in ‘Newhall’, but not CsGH3.6. These results indicate that the auxin primary-response gene CsGH3.1 plays an important role in citrus susceptibility to Xac

Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcome in Women with a History of Cesarean Section Complicated by Placenta Accreta

Abstract. Objective:. To explore the risk factors and pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of cesarean section complicated by placenta accreta (PA). Methods:. This case-control study included clinical data from singleton mothers with a history of cesarean section in 11 public tertiary hospitals in seven provinces of China between January 2017 and December 2017. According to the intraoperative findings after delivery, the study population was divided into PA and non-PA groups. We compared the pregnancy outcomes between the two groups, used multivariate logistic regression to analyze the risk factors for placental accreta. Results:. For this study we included 11,074 pregnant women with a history of cesarean section; and of these, 869 cases were in the PA group and 10,205 cases were in the non-PA group. Compared with the non-PA group, the probability of postpartum hemorrhage (236/10,205, 2.31% vs. 283/869, 32.57%), severe postpartum hemorrhage (89/10,205, 0.87% vs. 186/869, 21.75%), diffuse intravascular coagulation (3/10,205, 0.03% vs. 4/869, 0.46%), puerperal infection (33/10,205, 0.32% vs. 12/869, 1.38%), intraoperative bladder injury (1/10,205, 0.01% vs. 16/869, 1.84%), hysterectomy (130/10,205, 1.27% vs. 59/869, 6.79%), and blood transfusion (328/10,205,3.21% vs. 231/869,26.58%) was significantly increased in the PA group (P < 0.05). At the same time, the neonatal birth weight (3250.00 (2950.00–3520.00) g vs. 2920.00 (2530.00–3250.00) g), the probability of neonatal comorbidities (245/10,205, 2.40% vs. 61/869, 7.02%), and the rate of neonatal intensive care unit admission (817/10,205, 8.01% vs. 210/869, 24.17%) also increased significantly (P < 0.05). Weight (odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.05)), parity (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.03–1.34), number of miscarriages (OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.17–1.47), number of previous cesarean sections (OR = 2.57, 95%CI: 2.02–3.26), history of premature rupture of membrane (OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.32–1.96), previous cesarean-section transverse incisions (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.12–1.69), history of placenta previa (OR = 2.44,95%CI: 1.50–3.96), and the combination of prenatal hemorrhage (OR = 9.95,95%CI: 8.42–11.75) and placenta previa (OR = 91.74, 95%CI: 74.11–113.56) were all independent risk factors for PA. Conclusion:. There was an increased risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancies complicated by PA in women with a history of cesarean section, and this required close clinical attention. Weight before pregnancy, parity, number of miscarriages, number of previous cesarean sections, history of premature rupture of membranes, past transverse incisions in cesarean sections, a history of placenta previa, prenatal hemorrhage, and placenta previa were independent risk factors for pregnancies complicated with PA in women with a history of cesarean section. These independent risk factors showed a high value in predicting the risk for placentab accreta in pregnancies of women with a history of cesarean section