Side-impact to children in cars: experience from international accident analysis and safety tests

In the ISO TC22/SC12 working group 1 "Child Restraint Systems" the risk of side impacts to children in cars was declared an important working item and an ad hoc group was established to analyze this field. This paper summarizes the first experience and activities of this ad hoc group 'Children in Cars - Side Impact Studies'. The group started in 1993 an international inquiry in accident research unit to cover characteristics and injury patterns of children in cars depending on seating position, age and kind of restraint systems used. The resulting international database covers at present 83 side impacts of children in cars from 0 to 4 years and 56 accidents of children between 5 and 12 years where the children suffered an injury severity of MAIS 2+. Based on the results from the accident data and the sampling of full-scale and sled tests new test onfigurations have been developed. The paper includes suggestions for further work with side impact test procedures, which could be a basis for future safety standards

Measures for increasing passive safety in commercial vehicles: findings from European Research Programs = Massnahmen zur Steigerung der passiven Sicherheit von Nutzfahrzeugen : Erkenntnisse aus europäischen Forschungsprogrammen (Fortsetzung)

The ever increasing ties between European countries on the basis of a common market have long made passive safety in commercial vehicles a Europe-wide issue. Important, harmonized technical stipulations for commercial vehicles are in force within the European Union in the form of EEC directives, and over a broader area, in the form of ECE regulations among the ECE contracting parties. These are continually being improved. The difficulties in arriving at a consensus and implementing passive safety systems when several countries are involved will be demonstrated in this report using past examples. In addition to this, passive safety in commercial vehicles must be improved with regard to protection of both the other aprties involved and the vehicle occupants. In this context, projects and findings in the sphere of current European research programs will be described. In conclusion, the need for international research projects into commercial vehicle safety in the future will be discussed and the research areas outlined. Vehicle dynamics regulators in combination with anti-roll preventing systems for trucks and articulated vehicles show for instance a high safety potential; a reduction uo to 9%of the derious accidents will be expected

Measures for increasing passive safety in commercial vehicles: findings from European Research Programs = Massnahmen zur Steigerung der passiven Sicherheit von Nutzfahrzeugen: Erkenntnisse aus europäischen Forschungsprogrammen

The ever increasing ties between European countries on the basis of a common market have long made passive safety in commercial vehicles a Europe-wide issue. Important, harmonized technical stipulations for commercial vehicles are in force within the European Union in the form of EEC directives, and over a broader area, in the form of ECE regulations among the ECE contracting parties. These are continually being improved. The difficulties in arriving at a consensus and implementing passive safety systems when several countries are involved will be demonstrated in this report using past examples. In addition to this, passive safety in commercial vehicles must be improved with regard to protection of both the other aprties involved and the vehicle occupants. In this context, projects and findings in the sphere of current European research programs will be described. In conclusion, the need for international research projects into commercial vehicle safety in the future will be discussed and the research areas outlined. Vehicle dynamics regulators in combination with anti-roll preventing systems for trucks and articulated vehicles show for instance a high safety potential; a reduction uo to 9%of the derious accidents will be expected

Realitaetsbezogene Crashtests - eine Grundlage fuer mehr Sicherheit von Pkw

Available from TIB Hannover: RR 6677(9610) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Human head-neck response during low-speed rear end impacts

Neck injuries resulting from rear-end collisions rank among the top car safety problems and have serious implications for society. Many rear impact sled experiments with volunteers and PMHSs have been performed in the past. However, in most of these studies, T1 kinematics were not obtained so that the kinematic behavior of the neck could not be separated from the motion of the rest of the spine. Also, to the best knowledge of the authors, the effect of anthropometric parameters on the head-neck kinematics was not studied before. The objective of this study is to describe the kinematic response of the head-neck system during low severity rear end impacts. In addition, the effect of anthropometric parameters such as height, weight and neck circumference was investigated. For this purpose, a total of 43 tests with 19 subjects was performed. Values for (delta)V ranged between 6,5 and 9.5 km/h. Linear accelerations of the head-CG and the first thoracic vertebra (T1) and angular accelerations of the head were obtained. Head angle and head-CG trajectories were obtained from film targets. Finally, head restraint impact forces were measured using a strain gauge attached to the support rods of the head restraint. Trajectories of the occipital condyles (OC trajectories) as well as upper neck forces and moments were calculated. All measured and calculated kinematic data were presented in response corridors representing the mean +/- one standard deviation. Although only three females participated in this study, a marked increase in head x-acceleration was observed for the females compared to the males. Also, neck circumference correlated well with peak x-accelerations: a thinner neck resulted in higher values for the x-accelerations. The results of this study can be used for evaluation of biofidelity of crash dummy necks, and for validation of mathematical head-neck models. Also, our finding that thinner necks result in higher head peak accelerations may be a partial answer to the question why women are at higher risk for whiplash injuries compared to men

Erhebungen am Unfallort

SIGLETIB Hannover: RN 7380(14) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman