The Peculiar Characteristics of Fish Type I Interferons

Acknowledgments This work was supported by INRA, by Institut Pasteur, and by the “Projet TEFOR—Investissement d’avenir”—ANR-II-INBS-0014.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

L’affaire Bruker c. Marcovitz : variations sur un thème

Signe de son temps, la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’affaire Bruker c. Marcovitz met en scène le multiculturalisme canadien, le pluralisme juridique, l’inter-normativité, la neutralité de l’État, l’intérêt public, la liberté contractuelle, le droit comparé, les valeurs fondamentales, dont la liberté de religion et l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes. Elle brouille les frontières entre le droit privé et le droit public, entre la sphère privée et la sphère publique, de même qu’entre les normes juridiques et les normes religieuses. Elle façonne, déconstruit ou reconstruit la norme religieuse par le droit étatique. Dans le présent texte, cinq auteures et auteurs analysent les motifs de la Cour suprême à partir de perspectives différentes. Ils se penchent sur les forces et les faiblesses ainsi que sur les silences, sans oublier les dissonances, de l’opinion majoritaire et de l’opinion dissidente. D’abord, la question du droit international privé est examinée, puisque l’affaire met en jeu les relations entre deux ordres juridiques, soit l’ordre juridique canadien et québécois et l’ordre juridique juif ou hébraïque. Puis la décision est revisitée à partir d’un cadre théorique féministe. Ensuite, la résolution du conflit entre la liberté religieuse et l’égalité des sexes est traitée. Enfin, un auteur se penche sur la conception de la liberté mise en avant dans la décision examinée et une auteure analyse la distinction, les relations et les frontières entre les traditions juridiques étatiques et les traditions juridiques religieuses.As a sign of our times, the decision handed down by the Supreme Court of Canada in the case of Bruker v. Marcovitz calls into play Canadian multiculturalism, legal pluralism, internormativity, State neutrality, public interest, freedom of contract, comparative law, fundamental rights including freedom of religion and gender equality. It crosses the boundaries separating public law and private law, the private and public domains, as well as legal and religious norms. It shapes, de-structures or restructures religious norms through the law of the State. In this paper, five authors analyze the Supreme Court’s decision on the basis of differing perspectives. They underline the strengths and weaknesses, the silences and conflicting views of the majority and dissident opinions. First of all, a private international law analysis is applied, since the case involves relations between two juridical systems, namely the Canadian and Québec system of law and the Jewish or Hebrew legal order. Then the decision is examined in the light of a feminist perspective. From there, the conflict between freedom of religion and gender equality is addressed. An author then delves into the conception of liberty as set forward in the decision under study and last of all, an author analyses the distinction, relations and boundaries separating State legal traditions from their religious counterparts

Setting out zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to study nervous necrosis virus-host interaction.

Viral nervous necrosis is responsible for important economic losses in aquaculture facilities. The causative agent is the nervous necrosis virus (NNV). Four NNV species have been described, although only RGNNV and SJNNV have been detected in the Mediterranean area. RGNNV- SJNNV reassortants have also been isolated from several species. In order to design strategies to improve fish resistance to NNV, in vivo studies in commercial and model species are required to study the mechanisms underlying fish susceptibility to viral isolates. The aim of this work was to set up zebrafish as model of NNV infection. To fulfil this aim, zebrafish susceptibility to three NNV isolates was determined, and viral replication and innate immune response were characterized. Three days post-fertilisation zebrafish larvae were infected by intracerebral injection with 107 TCID50/mL of SJ93Nag (SJNNV), Dl956 (RGNNV from seabass), and RG/SJ (from seabream). Larvae were daily monitored for 4 days to record clinical signs and mortality. At 1 and 4 days post-infection (dpi), 3 pools of 6 larvae were sampled for viral genome quantification. Innate immune response was also assessed. Transcriptional analyses were completed by in vivo 3D imaging approaches on a zebrafish transgenic line expressing GFP in neutrophils (Tg (mpx:GFP) to monitor neutrophils recruitment in brain. RGNNV was the most virulent isolate compared to SJNNV and RG/SJ. These observations were consistent with viral genome replication, as the highest number of viral genome copies was in RGNNV-infected larvae. The induction of immune-related genes and the recruitment of neutrophils in brain, was also higher in RGNNV-infected larvae. Therefore, further experiments can be designed in this successfully model to better understand the mechanisms underlying NNV virulence in its hosts. Acknowledgments: Projects PID2020-115954RB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Spanish Government) and EU H2020 VBN_22_73 (VetBioNet project).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

FTR83, a member of the large fish-specific finTRIM family, triggers IFN pathway and counters viral infection

Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Langevin, Aleksejeva, Houel, Briolat, Torhy, Lunazzi, Levraud and Boudinot.Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are involved in various cellular functions and constitute key factors of the antiviral innate immune response. TRIM proteins can bind viral particles directly, sending them to degradation by the proteasome, or ubiquitinate signaling molecules leading to upregulation of innate immunity. TRIM proteins are present in across metazoans but are particularly numerous in vertebrates where genes comprising a B30.2 domain have been often duplicated. In fish, a TRIM subset named finTRIM is highly diversified, with large gene numbers and clear signatures of positive selection in the B30.2 domain suggesting they may be involved in antiviral mechanisms. finTRIM provides a beautiful model to investigate the primordial implication of B30.2 TRIM subsets in the arsenal of vertebrate antiviral defenses. We show here that ftr83, a zebrafish fintrim gene mainly expressed in the gills, skin and pharynx, encodes a protein affording a potent antiviral activity. In vitro, overexpression of FTR83, but not of its close relative FTR82, induced IFN and IFN-stimulated gene expression and afforded protection against different enveloped and non-enveloped RNA viruses. The kinetics of IFN induction paralleled the development of the antiviral activity, which was abolished by a dominant negative IRF3 mutant. In the context of a viral infection, FTR83 potentiated the IFN response. Expression of chimeric proteins in which the B30.2 domain of FTR83 and the non-protective FTR82 had been exchanged, showed that IFN upregulation and antiviral activity requires both the Ring/BBox/Coiled coil domain (supporting E3 ubiquitin ligase) and the B30.2 domain of FTR83. Finally, loss of function experiments in zebrafish embryos confirms that ftr83 mediates antiviral activity in vivo. Our results show that a member of the largest TRIM subset observed in fish upregulates type I IFN response and afford protection against viral infections, supporting that TRIMs are key antiviral factors across vertebrates.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Editorial: Nucleic Acid-Associated Inflammation.

Editorial on the Research Topic Nucleic Acid-Associated Inflammation

Macrophage-B Cell Interactions in the Inverted Porcine Lymph Node and Their Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Swine lymph nodes (LN) present an inverted structure compared to mouse and human, with the afferent lymph diffusing from the center to the periphery. This structure, also observed in close and distant species such as dolphins, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, and elephants, is poorly described, nor are the LN macrophage populations and their relationship with B cell follicles. B cell maturation occurs mainly in LN B cell follicles with the help of LN macrophage populations endowed with different antigen delivery capacities. We identified three macrophage populations that we localized in the inverted LN spatial organization. This allowed us to ascribe porcine LN MΦ to their murine counterparts: subcapsular sinus MΦ, medullary cord MΦ and medullary sinus MΦ. We identified the different intra and extrafollicular stages of LN B cells maturation and explored the interaction of MΦ, drained antigen and follicular B cells. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major porcine pathogen that infects tissue macrophages (MΦ). PRRSV is persistent in the secondary lymphoid tissues and induces a delay in neutralizing antibodies appearance. We observed PRRSV interaction with two LN MΦ populations, of which one interacts closely with centroblasts. We observed BCL6 up-regulation in centroblast upon PRRSV infection, leading to new hypothesis on PRRSV inhibition of B cell maturation. This seminal study of porcine LN will permit fruitful comparison with murine and human LN for a better understanding of normal and inverted LN development and functioning

Separated children seeking asylum in Ireland.

This report updates the first report of the Irish Refugee Council published in 1999, entitled Separated children seeking asylum in Ireland: A report on legal and social conditions. At the time of the publication of that report, there were 32 separated children seeking asylum in Ireland. The number of separated children seeking asylum in Ireland has increased markedly. By March 2003, the number of separated children, entering Ireland and referred to the North Eastern Area Health Board was 2,7172. Nearly half, or 1,113 children, were reunited with family members already in Ireland. 1,316 separated children, under the care of the Health Boards, have made applications for asylum under the 1951 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees. Neither the Government nor non-statutory agencies anticipated this increase in the numbers of separated minors arriving in Ireland. Therefore administrative procedures and care services have had to be responsive to emergent needs rather than having developed through advance planning. This report aims to examine policy and practice with respect to the legal and social conditions of separated children in Ireland, in light of the Separated Children in Europe Programme’s (SCEP)3 ‘Statement of Good Practice’ (SGP). The Irish Refugee Council, a member of the Separated Children in Europe Programme, commissioned the report

Carbon-rich dust in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by COSIMA/Rosetta

Cometary ices are rich in CO2, CO and organic volatile compounds, but the carbon content of cometary dust was only measured for the Oort Cloud comet 1P/Halley, during its flyby in 1986. The COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA)/Rosetta mass spectrometer analysed dust particles with sizes ranging from 50 to 1000 μm, collected over 2 yr, from 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), a Jupiter family comet. Here, we report 67P dust composition focusing on the elements C and O. It has a high carbon content (atomic |${\rm{C}}/{\rm{Si}} = 5.5{\rm{\ }}_{ - 1.2}^{ + 1.4}\ \ {\rm{on\ average}}$ |⁠) close to the solar value and comparable to the 1P/Halley data. From COSIMA measurements, we conclude that 67P particles are made of nearly 50 per cent organic matter in mass, mixed with mineral phases that are mostly anhydrous. The whole composition, rich in carbon and non-hydrated minerals, points to a primitive matter that likely preserved its initial characteristics since the comet accretion in the outer regions of the protoplanetary disc.</p

Transcriptional Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Fish Clones to the Bacterial Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a bacterial species that represents one of the most important pathogens for aquaculture worldwide, especially for salmonids. To gain insights into the genetic basis of the natural resistance to F. psychrophilum, we selected homozygous clones of rainbow trout with contrasted susceptibility to the infection. We compared the transcriptional response to the bacteria in the pronephros of a susceptible and a resistant line by micro-array analysis five days after infection. While the basal transcriptome of healthy fish was significantly different in the resistant and susceptible lines, the transcriptome modifications induced by the bacteria involved essentially the same genes and pathways. The response to F. psychrophilum involved antimicrobial peptides, complement, and a number of enzymes and chemokines. The matrix metalloproteases mmp9 and mmp13 were among the most highly induced genes in both genetic backgrounds. Key genes of both pro- and anti-inflammatory response such as IL1 and IL10, were up-regulated with a greater magnitude in susceptible animals where the bacterial load was also much higher. While higher resistance to F. psychrophilum does not seem to be based on extensive differences in the orientation of the immune response, several genes including complement C3 showed stronger induction in the resistant fish. They may be important for the variation of susceptibility to the infection