20 research outputs found
Impact of chlortetracycline and sulfapyridine antibiotics on soil enzyme activities.
Pharmaceutical antibiotics are frequently used in the livestock and poultry industries to control infectious diseases. Due to the lack of proper guidance for use, the majority of administrated antibiotics and their metabolites are excreted to the soil environment through urine and feces. In the present study, we used chlortetracycline and sulfapyridine antibiotics to screen out their effects on dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and urease activity. Factorial experiments were conducted with different concentrations of antibiotic (0, 10, 25 and 100 mg kg-1 of soil) mixed with soil samples, and the enzyme activity was measured at intervals of 1, 4 and 21 days. The results show that the chlortetracycline and sulfapyridine antibiotics negatively affect the dehydrogenase activity, but the effect of sulfapyridine decreases with time of incubation. Indeed, sulfapyridine antibiotic significantly affect the alkaline phosphatase activity for the entire three-time interval, while chlortetracycline seems to inhibit its activity within 1 and 4 days of incubation. The effects of chlortetracycline and sulfapyridine antibiotics on urease activity appear similar, as they both significantly affect the urease activity on day 1 of incubation. The present study concludes that chlortetracycline and sulfapyridine antibiotics have harmful effects on soil microbes, with the extent of effects varying with the duration of incubation and the type of antibiotics used
Comparison of Pattern Recognition, Artificial Neural Network and Pedotransfer Functions for Estimation of Soil Water Parameters
This paper presents the comparison of three different approaches to estimate soil water content at defined values of soil water potential based on selected parameters of soil solid phase. Forty different sampling locations in northeast of Iran were selected and undisturbed samples were taken to measure the water content at field capacity (FC), -33 kPa, and permanent wilting point (PWP), -1500 kPa. At each location solid particle of each sample including the percentage of sand, silt and clay were measured. Organic carbon percentage and soil texture were also determined for each soil sample at each location. Three different techniques including pattern recognition approach (k nearest neighbour, k-NN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and pedotransfer functions (PTF) were used to predict the soil water at each sampling location. Mean square deviation (MSD) and its components, index of agreement (d), root mean square difference (RMSD) and normalized RMSD (RMSDr) were used to evaluate the performance of all the three approaches. Our results showed that k-NN and PTF performed better than ANN in prediction of water content at both FC and PWP matric potential. Various statistics criteria for simulation performance also indicated that between kNN and PTF, the former, predicted water content at PWP more accurate than PTF, however both approach showed a similar accuracy to predict water content at FC
Effects of mixed plantation of alder and poplar on population of Frankia nodulation in soil
Nowadays, nitrogen-fixing tree species are often planted in combination with poplar to provide nutrients, though this can reduce the number of host plants and have a negative impact on soil Frankia population. In order to study the effects of mixed plantation of Caucasian alder (Alnus subcordata) and poplar (Populus deltoides) on Frankia nodulation potential, an experiment was carried out within a randomized block design. Five different mixtures of 17βyears old P. deltoides (P) and A. subcordata (A) (100A, 70A30p, 50A50P, 30A70 and 100P) were established in Safrabasteh Poplar Research Station in Guilan province of Iran. The results showed that the presence of alder in mixture with poplar positively affected the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of poplar trees. Mixed plantations with alder can improve Soil pH and the amount of soil nutrients and organic carbon. Furthermore, foliar nutrient concentrations of poplar trees were higher in mixed plantations than in pure plantations. The results of Frankia population analysis showed significant difference between the soils across different species mixture classes. The highest and lowest levels of Frankia population were observed in the rhizosphere soil of pure alder (49.17 g-1 soil) and pure poplar (0.89 g-1 soil), respectively. The Frankia population was negatively correlated with amounts of available P and K, yet it was positively correlated with pH. In addition, Frankia population showed positive and negative correlations with alder DBH and height, respectively. These results confirmed the effects of plant-host density on the viability and population of Frankia
Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°
Today, green nanotechnology has great importance due to the presence of different modes of restrictive action against various pathogens such as fungi and bacterial species. The use of nanomaterials has recently increased in agriculture and plant-tissue culture thanks to their unique different properties such as; magnetic, electrical, mechanical, optical, and chemical properties. Optimum use of iron increases protein content in the wheat grain. They also enhance plant growth by improving disease resistance and increase stability of the plants by anti-bending and deeper rooting of crops. It has been reported by many researchers that Nano-fertilizers significantly influenced the seed germination which demonstrated the effect of Nano fertilizers on seed and seed vigor. Chemical methods have been used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Developing Nano-biotechnology is generating interests in research towards eco-friendly, cost effective and biological synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles systems have been combined into plant fungal disease controlpractices. Using nanoparticles as biosensors in plant disease diagnostics is also illustrated.ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌ: ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ± ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° Π² Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ½, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΉ, ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π·Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ: Π³ΡΠΈΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ Π³ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Sinorhizobium meliloti strains isolated from the roots of Medicago sativa in Iran
Introduction: The Rhizobium-legume interaction leads to biological nitrogen-fixation and increases nitrogen of soil. The aim of this study was to characterize the properties of Sinorhizobium isolates from the roots of alfalfa plantsin Iran. Materials and methods: Bacteria were isolated in yeast extract mannitol Agar and confirmed by plant infection test. After evaluation from the point of morphological and biochemical properties, a fragment of 16S rDNA gene with a size of approximately 1500 base pair was amplified using fD1 and rD1 primers. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) products were analyzed for digestion pattern by Taq1 endonuclease. Results: 63 bacteria were isolated from homogenized nodules. 42 isolates generated nodules in three replicates in infection test. Of the 42 isolates 8, were resistant to salinity. Seven isolates had better growth than others at pH 4. All isolates were resistant to CuCl2 (0.5 mmol), CdCl2 (0.65 mmol), MnSO4 (0.75 and 1.5 mmol) and ZnSO4 (0.125 mmol). Isolates S3Q and S22K were more resistant to salinity, acidity, temperature and heavy metals stresses. PCR products of all bacteria had the same restricted profile after digestion by Taq1 nuclease. Discussion and conclusion: The results showed that among isolated bacteria, there were some differences in the resistance to salinity, acidity, temperature and heavy metals stresses.Β Identification of native strains of rhizobia, especially strains resistant to salinity, temperature, heavy metals and acidity could be valuable due to their potentiality for using biological fertilizers in harsh conditions
Geogenic and anthropogenic sources of potentially toxic elements in airborne dust in northeastern Iran
Little attention has been given to the nature and sources of airborne dust affecting northeastern Iran. The objectives of this study were to examine the concentrations of selected potentially toxic elements (i.e., Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), distinguish geogenic from anthropogenic sources, and assess the pollution intensity. A total of 600 samples were collected at 50 locations 12 times between May 2014 and April 2015 for fallout rate; 250 of these samples were selected for geochemical analysis. Mean dust concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn were found to be higher in autumn compared to spring as well as higher in the most populous cities. Results suggested that Ni, Cr, Mn, and Fe have come from mainly natural geologic sources, while concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the dust were associated with anthropogenic sources. Enrichment factors showed minimal to significant enrichment for Cu and Pb and moderate to very high enrichment for Cr, Ni, and Zn. The mean geo-accumulation index revealed that the contamination levels for Cu, Pb, and Zn peaked during autumn. In addition to industrial and traffic sources, seasonal differences in meteorological conditions can create frequent and persistent thermal inversions that at ground level can result in increases in Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations during autumn. Because of the diversity of geology and terrain in combination with significant seasonal shifts in winds over this region, this study highlights the need to consider both geogenic and anthropogenic sources in evaluating pollution risks in northeastern Iran
Spatial and temporal variations of airborne dust fallout in Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeastern Iran
Dust deposition rates depend mainly on the rate of dust supply, climatic conditions, and topography in the source and sink areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of these variables in the spatial and temporal variation of airborne dust fallout in Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeast Iran. Airborne dust samples were collected monthly from May 2014 to April 2015. Dust fallout rate was modelled as a function of air temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind velocity and distance from source regions. The lowest and highest rates of atmospheric dust fallout occurred in December and June, with average amounts of 9.97 gm(-2) and 20.96 gm(-2), respectively. The strongest winds were observed in June immediately following a relatively humid period (i.e., March-May) with considerably higher precipitation and lower evaporation. Spatial distributions showed that the highest dust fallout rates occurred in the southern and western parts of the province-areas adjoining the vast playas. During the spring and summer season, the distance from the nearest playa was a key factor that explained more of the variation in dust flux than climatic parameters. Both runoff by fresh sediment moved onto the surface of the playa and the formation of loose sediment on the surfaces of wet playas are mechanisms that can increase dust emissions. The lowest deposition rates were observed in the mountainous region in the north of the province likely due to higher precipitation, atmospheric humidity, and soil moisture. This work represents the first baseline dust data for Khorasan Razavi Province and may be useful in evaluating the effects of future land use and climate change on aeolian land surface processes