Prevalence of type of tobacco use among females in India by state, GATS India, 2009–10.

<p>Prevalence of type of tobacco use among females in India by state, GATS India, 2009–10.</p

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Prevalence of type of tobacco use according to sex and age group, GATS India, 2009–10.

<p>Prevalence of type of tobacco use according to sex and age group, GATS India, 2009–10.</p

Relative risk ratio (RRR) and their 95%CI estimated from the multinomial regression analysis for the type of tobacco use among females in India, GATS India, 2009–10.

<p>Relative risk ratio (RRR) and their 95%CI estimated from the multinomial regression analysis for the type of tobacco use among females in India, GATS India, 2009–10.</p

Residual plot for the district of EAG states (Multilevel-Logit Model).

<p>Residuals of each district (n = 263) are ranked and plotted for the outcome variable institutional delivery with 95% confidence interval.</p

Do Physical Proximity and Availability of Adequate Infrastructure at Public Health Facility Increase Institutional Delivery? A Three Level Hierarchical Model Approach

<div><p>This study aims to examine the inter-district and inter-village variation of utilization of health services for institutional births in EAG states in presence of rural health program and availability of infrastructures. District Level Household Survey-III (2007–08) data on delivery care and facility information was used for the purpose. Bivariate results examined the utilization pattern by states in presence of correlates of women related while a three-level hierarchical multilevel model illustrates the effect of accessibility, availability of health facility and community health program variables on the utilization of health services for institutional births. The study found a satisfactory improvement in state Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, importantly, in Bihar and Uttaranchal. The study showed that increasing distance from health facility discouraged institutional births and there was a rapid decline of more than 50% for institutional delivery as the distance to public health facility exceeded 10 km. Additionally, skilled female health worker (ANM) and observed improved public health facility led to significantly increase the probability of utilization as compared to non-skilled ANM and not-improved health centers. Adequacy of essential equipment/laboratory services required for maternal care significantly encouraged deliveries at public health facility. District/village variables neighborhood poverty was negatively related to institutional delivery while higher education levels in the village and women’s residing in more urbanized districts increased the utilization. “Inter-district” variation was 14 percent whereas “between-villages” variation for the utilization was 11 percent variation once controlled for all the three-level variables in the model. This study suggests that the mere availability of health facilities is necessary but not sufficient condition to promote utilization until the quality of service is inadequate and inaccessible considering the inter-districts variation for the program implementation.</p></div

Institutional Births (%) and MMR (per 10,000 live births) in EAG and non-EAG states India, 2007–08.

<p>MMR refers to Maternal Mortality Ratio. Institutional birth refers the birth delivery in any type of health care center (private/public). EAG states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Since DLHS data gives only institutional delivery information hence SRS data was used for MMR. Similar reference time was kept in both data.</p

Normal plot for standardized residuals and normal scores for the district of EAG states.

<p>Since the residuals for outcome variable (institutional delivery) are normally distributed hence this regression model explains all trends in the random dataset.</p

Institutional Births (%) in EAG states, DLHS-2(2002–2004) and DLHS-3 (2007–2008).

<p>EAG value is average of all 8 states.</p

Annual out of pocket maternal healthcare expenditure (in INR) by type of diseases and background characteristics of currently married women in India, 2014.

<p>Annual out of pocket maternal healthcare expenditure (in INR) by type of diseases and background characteristics of currently married women in India, 2014.</p