Methodology of calculation of construction and hydrodynamic parameters of a foam layer apparatus for mass-transfer processes

Промислова реалізація методу стабілізації газорідинного шару дозволяє значно розширити галузь застосування пінних апаратів і відкриває нові можливості інтенсифікації технологічних процесів з одночасним створенням маловідходних технологій. У статті встановлені основні параметри, що впливають на гідродинаміку пінних апаратів, розглянуті основні конструкції та режими роботи пінних апаратів. Виявлено зв'язок гідродинамічних параметрів. Розглянуто гідродинамічні закономірності пінного шару. Вказані фактори, що впливають на процес масообміну, як в газовій, так і в рідкій фазах. Проведений аналіз ряду досліджень показав, що перспективним напрямком інтенсифікації процесу масообміну є розробка апаратів з трифазним псевдозрідженим шаром зрошуваної насадки складних форм із сітчастих матеріалів. Отже, необхідне проведення спеціальних досліджень гідродинамічних режимів роботи апарату з сітчастою насадкою і визначенням параметрів, що впливають на швидкість переходу насадки з одного режиму в інший.Industrial implementation of the stabilization method of the gas-liquid layer can significantly expand the field of use of foaming apparatus and opens up new opportunities for intensifying technological processes with the simultaneous creation of low-waste technologies. The article establishes the basic parameters influencing the hydrodynamics of foam apparatus, considers the basic constructions and operating modes of foam apparatus. The connection of hydrodynamic parameters is revealed. The hydrodynamic laws of the foam layer are considered. The indicated factors affecting the process of mass transfer, both in the gas and in the liquid phases. The conducted analysis of a number of studies showed that the perspective direction of intensification of the mass transfer process is the development of apparatuses with a three-phase fluidized bed of an irrigated nozzle of complex forms with mesh materials

Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

Emotional intelligence in sports and physical activity: An intervention focus

The aim of this chapter is twofold: first, to introduce the reader to the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in sports and physical activity, and second, to have an intervention focus achieved through applied activities that enable the development of different dimensions of EI. The chapter begins with an introduction to the theory that underpins EI in sports – the tripartite model comprising knowledge, ability, and trait levels. Subsequently, measurement issues are addressed in regard to instruments measuring the ability and trait aspects of EI. In continuation, the role of EI is discussed within the sport performance domain, specifically in athletes, coaches, and officials, as well as its role in physical activity. Finally, an applied perspective of EI training in sport performance is presented, along with EI training through sports and physical activity. Thirteen EI training activities are suggested that are based on the tripartite model and target the five main dimensions of EI: identifying, expressing, understanding, regulating, and using emotions. Such activities aim to contribute to the dissemination of EI training at school, which may have an important further impact on performance, society, and health policies

A neurosurgical view of anatomical evaluation of anterior C1–C2 for safer transoral odontoidectomy

An anatomical study for evaluation of anterior C1–C2. To provide essential anatomic data for safer transoral odontoidectomy. The surface dimensions of the atlas vertebra and the transoral approach for odontoidectomy have been described in detail. Anterior arcus of C1 must be drilled out to reach odontoid process for transoral odontoidectomy. The thickness of anterior ring of C1 has not been studied before. Sixty, dried adult atlas and 60 axis vertebrae and ten cadaveric craniocervical specimens were measured for the following: (1) bony drilling depth (BDD), the distance from the anterior wall of anterior ring of C1 to anterior wall of odontoid; (2) minimum drilling diameter (MDD), distance of minimum C1 anterior ring removal for odontoid resection on horizontal plane; (3) maximum bony drilling diameter (MBDD), distance of maximum C1 anterior ring removal for odontoid resection on horizontal plane. Lateral border of this diameter is limited by medial borders of the lateral mass; (4) the widest odontoid diameters (WOD) on coronal sections were measured. On 60 atlas and axis vertebrae, the BDD was 7.0 ± 1.2 mm on dry bones, the distance between the medial borders of the lateral mass (MBDD) was 16.1 ± 1.5 mm, and the WOD on coronal sections (WOD) was 9.8 ± 0.8 mm. On cadavers, the distance between the two edges of C1 anterior ring removal for odontoid resection (MDD) was 10.8 ± 1.1 mm and the WOD on coronal sections (WOD) was 10.1 ± 1.4 mm. An odontoid surgery through transoral approach is safe and feasible. A quantitative understanding of the anterior anatomy of C-1 and C-2 is necessary when considering transoral odontoid resection. In this study the authors define safe zones for anterior atlas and axis

Real-time imaging of microparticles and living cells with CMOS nanocapacitor arrays.

Massively parallel, label free biosensing platforms can in principle be realized by combining all-electrical detection with low-cost integrated circuits. Examples include field-effect transistor (FET) arrays used for mapping neuronal signals1,2 and DNA sequencing3,4. Despite these remarkable successes, however, bioelectronics has so far failed to deliver a broadly applicable biosensing platform, in no small part because DC or low-frequency signals do not allow probing beyond the electrical double layer (EDL) formed by screening salt ions5-8. This entails that, under physiological conditions, the sensing of target analytes located even a short distance from the sensor (~1 nm) is severely hampered. Here we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally the ability to detect and image microscale entities at long range under physiological salt conditions using high-frequency impedance spectroscopy with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The assay employs a large-scale, high-density array of nanoelectrodes integrated with CMOS electronics on a single chip. The sensor response depends on the electrical properties of the analyte, allowing impedance-based fingerprinting. We also image the dynamic attachment and micromotion of BEAS, THP1 and MCF7 cancer cell lines in real time at submicron resolution in growth medium, demonstrating the potential of the platform for label/tracer-free high-throughput screening of anti-tumor drug candidates