Die Tintinnodeen der deutschen S\ufcdpolar-Expedition 1901-1903

Volume: 11Start Page: 341End Page: 49

A case study of real-time monitoring of solid-state phase transformations in acoustically levitated particles using near infrared and Raman spectroscopy

The objective of this study was to monitor the amorphous-to-crystalline solid-state phase transformation kinetics of the model drug ibuprofen with spectroscopic methods during acoustic levitation. Chemical and physical information was obtained by real-time near infrared (NIRS) and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The recrystallisation kinetic parameters (overall recrystallisation rate constant β and the time needed to reach 50% of the equilibrated level t(50)), were determined using a multivariate curve resolution approach. The acoustic levitation device coupled with non-invasive spectroscopy enabled monitoring of the recrystallisation process of the difficult-to-handle (adhesive) amorphous sample. The application of multivariate curve resolution enabled isolation of the underlying pure spectra, which corresponded well with the reference spectra of amorphous and crystalline ibuprofen. The recrystallisation kinetic parameters were estimated from the recrystallisation profiles. While the empirical recrystallisation rate constant determined by NIR and Raman spectroscopy were comparable, the lag time for recrystallisation was significantly lower with Raman spectroscopy as compared to NIRS. This observation was explained by the high energy density of the Raman laser beam, which might have led to local heating effects of the sample and thus reduced the recrystallisation onset time. It was concluded that acoustic levitation with NIR and Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate curve resolution allowed direct determination of the recrystallisation kinetics of amorphous drugs and thus is a promising technique for monitoring solid-state phase transformations of adhesive small-sized samples during the early phase of drug development.Sönke Rehder, Jian X. Wu, Julian Laackmann, Hans-Ulrich Moritz, Jukka Rantanen, Thomas Rades, Claudia S. Leopol

Tintininos (Ciliophora, Tintinnina) de águas subtropicais na região Sueste-Sul do Brasil: II. Famílias Dictyocystidae, Rhabdonellidae, Tintinnidae e Xystonellidae Tintinnids (Ciliophora, Tintinnina) from subtropical waters of the Southern Brazil: II. Families Dictyocystidae, Rhabdonellidae, Tintinnidae and Xystonellidae

Este estudo segue um trabalho prévio sobre o levantamento taxonômico dos tintininos (Subordem Tintinnina) coletados em águas subtropicais do sul do Brasil (22&deg;S-34&deg;S). As amostras foram baseadas em diferentes cruzeiros oceanográficos cobrindo águas de plataforma e oceano. As espécies pertencentes às Famílias Dictyocystidae, Rhabdonellidae, Tintinnidae e Xystonellidae foram descritas, e uma discussão geral referente à biogeografia de tintininos e à distribuição vertical na coluna de água observada em cruzeiros oceanográficos foi realizada. Para todas as espécies foram fornecidos descrições, medidas e desenhos, bem como comentários sobre a taxonomia e resultados sobre as distribuições horizontal e vertical na coluna de água. A riqueza em espécies foi elevada (87 táxons infragenéricos), e algumas das espécies como Climacocylis scalaria, Eutintinnus spp., Salpingacantha spp., Salpingella spp. e Steenstrupiella gracilis, não haviam sido registradas na região anteriormente. Dezenove species são novos registros para o Oceano Atlântico Sul Ocidental.<br>This study follows a previous work on the taxonomic survey on tintinnids (Suborder Tintinnina) collected in subtropical waters of the Southern Brazil (22&deg;S-34&deg;S). Samples were based in different oceanographic cruises covering shelf and oceanic waters. Here, the species belonging to Families Dictyocystidae, Rhabdonellidae, Tintinnidae and Xystonellidae were described, and a general discussion regarding the tintinnid biogeography and the vertical distribution observed in some of the oceanographic cruises were carried out. For all of species the descriptions, measurements and drawings, as well comments on the taxonomy and results on horizontal and vertical distributions on the water column were furnished. The species richness was high (87 infrageneric taxa), and some species like Climacocylis scalaria, Eutintinnus spp., Salpingacantha spp., Salpingella spp. and Steenstrupiella gracilis were not previously recorded in the region. Nineteen species are new records for the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean