79 research outputs found

    Naar de kern van pensioenkeuzes

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    Pensioendeelnemers staan voor steeds meer (complexe) financiële keuzes, waarbij feiten en cijfers belangrijk zijn maar tegelijkertijd vaak onvoldoende om mensen te helpen bij het kiezen van het beste alternatief. Deelnemers moeten in staat worden gesteld relevante waarden en voorkeuren aan die feiten en cijfers te verbinden. Dit artikel laat zien welke waarden en voorkeuren relevant zijn bij het maken van pensioenkeuzes

    De uitlegbaarheid van het nieuwe pensioenstelsel

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    In de transitie naar het nieuwe pensioenstelsel is uitlegbaarheid een belangrijke notie die zowel het nieuwe stelsel als de communicatie over dat stelsel raakt. Uitlegbaarheid kent twee invullingen: 1. het publiek begrijpt hoe het nieuwe stelsel in elkaar zit 2. het publiek aanvaardt het stelsel als zinvol en rechtvaardig Deze twee invullingen zijn direct verbonden met twee hoofddoelen van communicatie over het nieuwe stelsel: 1. De communicatie over het nieuwe pensioenstelsel is begrijpelijk als de beoogde deelnemers en gepensioneerden de informatie die zij nodig hebben kunnen vinden, kunnen interpreteren en kunnen toepassen op hun eigen situatie. Dit betreft zowel de transitiefase als de fase na invoering van het nieuwe stelsel. 2. De communicatie over het nieuwe stelsel is aanvaardbaar als de beoogde deelnemers en gepensioneerden een positieve houding hebben over de keuzes die tijdens de transitie gemaakt worden en als zij de uitkomst daarvan voor hun persoonlijke financiĂ«le situatie positief beoordelen. Deze twee doelen worden in dit rapport verder uitgewerkt. Zo wordt duidelijker wat mensen over het nieuwe stelsel zouden moeten begrijpen en op welke gronden zij het als aanvaardbaar zouden kunnen of moeten beoordelen. Bij die aanvaardbaarheid speelt de notie van rechtvaardigheid een belangrijke rol. In het rapport maken we onderscheid tussen distributieve rechtvaardigheid (krijg ik waar ik recht op heb?) en procedurele rechtvaardigheid (vindt de verdeling op eerlijke en consistente wijze plaats en ben ik in dat proces gehoord?). Bij procedurele rechtvaardigheid is ook van belang dat deelnemers het gevoel hebben dat ze onderweg naar de transitie tijdig zijn geĂŻnformeerd over allerlei beslissingen. In het rapport schetsen we op basis van de literatuur over beide vormen van rechtvaardigheid hoe in pensioencommunicatie aandacht kan uitgaan naar oordelen van deelnemers over de rechtvaardigheid van de transitie en wat daarbij de risico’s zijn. Duidelijk wordt dat een negatief oordeel over het resultaat van de pensioenberekening deels kan worden opgevangen door een positief oordeel over de procedurele rechtvaardigheid. De communicatie over de pensioenprognose is om meerdere redenen complex: 1. Verwachtingen van deelnemers en gepensioneerden bepalen voor een groot deel het effect ervan: hoe hoger de gewekte verwachtingen, hoe groter de kans op teleurstelling. 2. De berekening die achter de prognose schuilgaat is zo complex dat begrijpelijke uitleg ervan de allerhoogste expertise vraagt van de communicatieprofessionals. 3. De prognose is omgeven door een ander type onzekerheid dan in het huidige stelsel het geval is. Pensioendeelnemers lijken die onzekerheid niet erg op prijs te stellen. In het rapport trekken we lering uit andere domeinen waar communicatie over onzekerheid al langer object van onderzoek is, zoals in de klimaat- en medische wetenschap. We bespreken de resultaten van onderzoek naar zowel visuele als verbale communicatieuitingen over onzekerheid. Ook kijken we naar domeinen waar communicatie over complexe berekeningen al langer wordt onderzocht, zoals de wereld van de kunstmatige intelligentie. Uitlegbaarheid is ook daar een belangrijk issue. In het rapport bespreken we de verschillende risico’s en valkuilen voor pensioencommunicatie. We sluiten af met een reeks aanbevelingen

    A closer look at the interactional construction of choral responses in South African township schools

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    In order to better understand literacy practices in high poverty L2 contexts, we use a conversation analytic approach to study two forms of chorusing in Grade 3 classrooms in South African township schools: choral reading and choral answering. Based on more than 6 hours of video recorded classroom interaction, we show that choral reading aloud is initiated by explicit and implicit instructions, combined with intonational cues. Choral answering is initiated by yes/no questions, designedly incomplete utterances or known-answer questions, producing short answers. Teacher feedback in both forms is extremely limited. Choral practices risk limited individual student engagement and restrict development of language and cognitive skills. However, we also show that students demonstrate a high awareness of the subtleties of a variety of interactional “rules”. They are occasionally encouraged to produce their own answers and are capable of reading new pieces of text aloud, showing potential learning opportunities through classroom engagement

    Meer teksten, natuurlijk - maar hoeveel en welke?

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    It is solid advice to employ more messages in one’s experiments when conducting research on message variables’ effects. The question is how many messages should be used? And what characteristics should these messages have? Compared to the insights and guidelines available for the selection mode and number of participants when aiming to generalize to a population, such insights and guidelines are sorely lacking when aiming to generalize over messages

    Aan de slag met het schoolexamen schrijfvaardigheid.

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    Leraren Nederlands zijn niet tevreden over hun schoolexamen schrijven, zo bleek uit een peilingsonderzoek van Levende Talen Nederlands. Men wil meer kwaliteit, meer uniformiteit en examens die beter zijn afgestemd op recente wetenschappelijke inzichten. Maar hoe realiseer je dat in de praktijk? Aan de hand van acht praktijkvoorbeelden bespreken we de mogelijkheden om de schoolexamens schrijfvaardigheid te verbeteren

    Message Design Choices Don't Make Much Difference to Persuasiveness and Can't Be Counted On—Not Even When Moderating Conditions Are Specified

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    Persuaders face many message design choices: narrative or non-narrative format, gain-framed or loss-framed appeals, one-sided or two-sided messages, and so on. But a review of 1,149 studies of 30 such message variations reveals that, although there are statistically significant differences in persuasiveness between message forms, it doesn't make much difference to persuasiveness which option is chosen (as evidenced by small mean effect sizes, that is, small differences in persuasiveness: median mean rs of about 0.10); moreover, choosing the on-average-more-effective option does not consistently confer a persuasive advantage (as evidenced by 95% prediction intervals that include both positive and negative values). Strikingly, these results obtain even when multiple moderating conditions are specified. Implications for persuasive message research and practice are discussed

    The influence of police reporting styles on the processing of crime related information

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    Police records drawn up during or after a suspect's police interrogation play a crucial role in judicial systems and should therefore be factual representations of what occurred in the spoken interrogation. Within the judicial domain, however, little is known about how style of reporting (i.e., the specific language used) affects the interpretation of these facts. Furthermore, the relationship between police record ‘quality’ and variations in judgment of guilt, credibility or reliability has not been studied to date. In three studies, we investigated the influence of three commonly used recording styles (i.e., monolog, recontextualized and question-answer style) on judgments of guilt, credibility, and reliability in fictitious criminal cases. We hypothesized that participants would (1) find records in the question-answer style more credible and reliable than those in the monolog or recontextualized style, and (2) consider the recontextualized style to be the least credible and reliable. Experiment 1 showed that the Q&A style was perceived as more reliable than the other two styles. Experiment 2, a replication in which we also tested new hypotheses based on explorative analyses of Experiment 1, showed no effects of reporting style. To investigate whether the discrepancy in results was due to different scenarios, a third experiment that made use of multiple scenarios was conducted. We found effects of reporting style on perceived accuracy, imageability, and understandability. In sum, this study showed that factors as subtle as reporting style might impact the processing of information in contexts where only factual information should be taken into account

    Sorry but no sorry: The use and effects of apologies in airline webcare responses to NeWOM messages of flight passengers

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    Offering an apology is a strategy brands use in response to negative electronic word of mouth. However, its effectiveness is equivocal and may depend on its combination with other strategies. In this paper, the use and the effectiveness of offering an apology in webcare conversations between airlines and complaining customers on Twitter is investigated. In Study 1, a corpus study was conducted to examine whether and how apologies occurred in 480 webcare conversations. Offering an apology was the most frequently used response strategy. Moreover, accommodative strategies were more frequent than defensive strategies. In Study 2, we investigated the effectiveness of apologies separately and combined with a defensive and/or accommodative strategy. The experiment had a 2 (apology: present vs. absent) × 2 (defensive strategy: present vs. absent) × 2 (accommodative strategy: present vs. absent) between-subjects design. Flight passengers (N = 151) assessed a webcare response to a service failure on the airline's reputation. Although the presence of an apology did not enhance brand reputation, a combination of both a defensive and accommodative strategy did. We conclude that airlines prefer an apology as response to online complaints, but the combination of defensive and accommodative strategies truly protects their reputation

    The reconstructability of persuasive message variables affects the variability of experimental effect sizes: evidence and implications

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    Whereas the persuasive impact of message variables such as weaker versus stronger threat appeals, vivid versus pallid messages, and one-sided versus two-sided messages has received much research attention, more abstract properties of such message variables have gone largely unexamined. This article reports an analysis of one such property, reconstructability: the degree to which one of the two messages in an experimental pair can be deduced from the other. Evidence is offered from research on persuasive communication that as message variables become less reconstructable, the variability of the associated effect sizes increases—which creates distinctive challenges for theoretical progress and practical message design. Attention to message-variable properties such as reconstructability promises to shed light on how and why effects differ across message variables

    A communications perspective on the use of visualizations in a Dutch court for minor felonies

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    Images such as photographs, drawings, animations and videos are everywhere in modern society and are playing an ever-increasing role in court. This general shift from written and spoken language to “visual language” in society has been of interest to language and communication researchers for years. Within the domain of law, however, a lot of the language and communication literature is traditionally focused on written and spoken language. In the first part of this paper we provide a theoretical background in which we discuss how people understand images, what visual literacy means, how images can have persuasive power and can influence people in terms of their emotions, attitudes, and decision-making, and we talk about how this can play a role in court. Furthermore, we illustrate some gaps in the literature. In the second part of the paper we show, based on a small scale ethnographic study and systematic observation, how often visualizations are part of the case file in Dutch hearings, what types of images are talked about and/or shown, and by whom they are introduced during the hearing. We conclude by discussing what communication scholars find interesting about these observations and we also suggest a number of research opportunities that may be of interest for interdisciplinary research amongst law and communication scholars
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