5,5′-(Disulfanedi­yl)bis­(1-methyl-1H-tetra­zole)

In the title mol­ecule, C4H6N8S2, two tetra­zole rings linked by a disulfide bridge form a dihedral angle of 71.32 (7)° [C—S—S—C torsion angle = −80.51 (10)°]. In the crystal, strong inter­molecular π–π inter­actions between the tetra­zole rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.285 (3) Å] link pairs of mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds further link these dimers, related by translation in the [100] direction, into columns

2-Bromo-4,4-dimethyl-1-(2,4,5-trimethoxy­phen­yl)pentan-3-one

The three meth­oxy groups of the title compound, C16H23BrO4, are almost coplanar with the attached aromatic ring, forming dihedral angles of 7.19 (13), 2.48 (13) and 7.24 (12)°. The crystal structure shows an intra­molecular and an inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­action

Molecular subgroups of adult medulloblastoma: a long-term single-institution study

Background Recent transcriptomic approaches have demonstrated that there are at least 4 distinct subgroups in medulloblastoma (MB); however, survival studies of molecular subgroups in adult MB have been inconclusive because of small sample sizes. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular subgroups in adult MB and identify their clinical and prognostic implications in a large, single-institution cohort. Methods We determined gene expression profiles for 13 primary adult MBs. Bioinformatics tools were used to establish distinct molecular subgroups based on the most informative genes in the dataset. Immunohistochemistry with subgroup-specific antibodies was then used for validation within an independent cohort of 201 formalin-fixed MB tumors, in conjunction with a systematic analysis of clinical and histological characteristics. Results Three distinct molecular variants of adult MB were identified: the SHH, WNT, and group 4 subgroups. Validation of these subgroups in the 201-tumor cohort by immunohistochemistry identified significant differences in subgroup-specific demographics, histology, and metastatic status. The SHH subgroup accounted for the majority of the tumors (62%), followed by the group 4 subgroup (28%) and the WNT subgroup (10%). Group 4 tumors had significantly worse progression-free and overall survival compared with tumors of the other molecular subtypes. Conclusions We have identified 3 subgroups of adult MB, characterized by distinct expression profiles, clinical features, pathological features, and prognosis. Clinical variables incorporated with molecular subgroup are more significantly informative for predicting adult patient outcome

Mechanism of the impacts of older adults social participation on their health

PurposeAgainst the background of population aging challenges in China, focusing on health, security, and social participation as core elements of positive aging, this study aims to formulate strategies for promoting the health of the older adults and reveal the pathways and trends of social participation in promoting health.MethodThe study analyzed 1,015 randomly selected older adults individuals living at home in Beijing using household survey questionnaires. Drawing on group dynamics theory and structural equation modeling, the study proposed hypotheses regarding the relationships between social participation, group cohesion, and health status.ResultsFirst, the triangular path model of social participation, group cohesion, and health status among the older adults was established. The direct path coefficient of social participation on health status was 0.15, that of social participation on group cohesion was 0.56, and that of group cohesion on health status was 0.32. The indirect path coefficient of social participation on health status through group cohesion was calculated at 0.56 × 0.32 = 0.18. Second, of the older adults age groups—younger, middle, and older—social participation’s direct path effects on health status were present only in the older age group. Social participation’s indirect path effects on health status through group cohesion were relatively high in all three groups, with a slight increase in the older age group.ConclusionFirst, just the older adults participation in social activities serves as a benign stimulus to physical and mental health. Additionally, group cohesion formed through interaction with others during social activities encourages self-improvement behaviors, indirectly promoting health. In fact, indirect pathways of health promotion through group cohesion are stronger than direct pathways, highlighting the importance of group cohesion during social participation. Second, participation in activities alone can provide only sufficient benign stimuli for the older adults aged 80 and above, with the direct path effect of social participation on health beginning to appear only with increasing age. With age, selectivity of interaction with others decreases, and dependence increases; social participation’s indirect path effect on health through group cohesion continues to grow slightly