Capacidade combinatória de genótipos de milho para tolerância ao encharcamento do solo Combining the ability of maize genotypes for flooding tolerance

No sul do Brasil, a cultura do milho pode ser uma alternativa de cultivo para áreas de várzea; entretanto, o desenvolvimento de genótipos tolerantes ao encharcamento é condição fundamental para viabilizar economicamente esta opção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a capacidade geral e específica de combinação e os efeitos recíprocos para tolerância ao encharcamento do solo de genótipos de milho. A análise foi baseada em um cruzamento dialélico envolvendo quatro linhagens: duas tolerantes ao encharcamento do solo (CT954280 e CT954330) e duas sensíveis (CT966200 e CT966208). O trabalho experimental foi realizado durante os anos de 2000 e 2001 em casa de vegetação localizada na Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS. As variáveis analisadas foram matéria seca da raiz, matéria seca da parte aérea, estatura de planta, comprimento de raiz e conteúdo de clorofila na folha. Os resultados demonstraram a existência de variabilidade genética entre os genótipos estudados, sendo que ambos os efeitos aditivos e não aditivos foram de importância na determinação da herança da tolerância ao encharcamento em milho. A escolha do genitor feminino é fundamental para a obtenção de híbridos tolerantes, uma vez que o efeito materno observado foi elevado. Dentre os dois genótipos tolerantes analisados, a linhagem CT954330 foi a que apresentou a maior CGC e pode ser indicada como genitor preferencial em cruzamentos que visem incrementar a tolerância ao encharcamento.<br>In southern Brazil, corn could be an alternative for cultivation in flooded areas. However, the development of genotypes tolerant to flooding is fundamental to make this option economically feasible. The objective of this paper was to determine the general and specific combining ability and reciprocal effect for flooding tolerance in corn genotypes. The analysis was based on a diallel cross among four inbreds: two flooding tolerant (CT954280 and CT954330) and two sensitive inbreds (CT966200 and CT966208). The experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 under greenhouse conditions at Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS. Root dry matter, plant dry matter, plant high, root length, and leaf chlorophyll content were measured. Genetic variability among the inbreds was detected. Both additive and non-additive effects were important in the determination of the inheritance of flooding tolerance in corn. The correct choice of the female parent is fundamental for tolerant hybrids production, since maternal effects were relevant. Among the analyzed genotypes, the inbred CT954330 presented the highest GCA and may be indicated as a preferential progenitor in crossings that aim to increase flooding tolerance

Anoxia tolerance in tobacco roots: effect of overexpression of pyruvate decarboxylase

Plant survival during flooding relies on ethanolic fermentation for energy production. The available literature indicates that the first enzyme of the ethanolic fermentation pathway, pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), is expressed at very low levels and is likely to be rate-limiting during oxygen deprivation. The authors expressed high levels of bacterial PDC in tobacco to study the modulation of PDC activity in vivo, and assess its impact on the physiology of ethanolic fermentation and survival under oxygen stress. In contrast to leaves, wild-type normoxic roots contained considerable PDC activity, and overexpression of the bacterial PDC caused only a moderate increase in acetaldehyde and ethanol production under anoxia compared to wild-type roots. No significant lactate production could be measured at any time, making it unlikely that lactate-induced acidification (LDH/PDC pH-stat) triggers the onset of ethanol synthesis. Instead, the authors favour a model in which the flux through the pathway is regulated by substrate availability. The increased ethanolic flux in the transgenics compared to the wild-type did not enhance anoxia tolerance. On the contrary, rapid utilisation of carbohydrate reserves enhanced premature cell death in the transgenics while replenishment of carbohydrates improved survival under anoxia