Trade patterns facilitating highly pathogenic avian influenza virus dissemination in the free-grazing layer duck system in Vietnam

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to threaten smallholder poultry producers in several South‐east Asian countries, including Vietnam. In particular, the free‐grazing duck system has been repeatedly highlighted as a major risk factor for HPAI outbreaks. Free‐grazing ducks, which scavenge on rice paddies after the harvest, account for a large proportion of the duck population in Vietnam and the wider South‐east Asian region. However, the structure and dynamics of the free‐grazing duck production from farm to consumption has not been described for Vietnam. In this study, we used a value chain approach to provide a complete picture of the actors involved in the production and marketing of free‐grazing duck eggs and spent layer ducks, as well as to investigate the governance structure of this food system. Group interviews and key informant interviews were conducted in two provinces located in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) and the Red River Delta (RRD). The results presented here highlight similarities and differences in farming and trade practices between the two provinces. The trade of spent layer ducks involved large volumes of live ducks being sent to China and Cambodia for consumption, generating a substantial risk of transboundary spread of pathogens, including HPAI viruses. We describe the major role of “duck yards”, which act as hubs in the northbound trade of spent layer ducks. These yards should be considered as essential links in the value chain of spent layer ducks when considering HPAI surveillance and control. The veterinary authorities are only marginally involved in the value chain activities, and their influence could be strengthened by increasing surveillance activities for instance in duck yards. Last, we discuss the dynamics of the duck value chain and further implications for future HPAI management policies

Demonstration of coherent emission from high-β\beta photonic crystal nanolasers at room temperature

We report on lasing at room temperature and at telecommunications wavelength from photonic crystal nanocavities based on InAsP/InP quantum dots. Such laser cavities with a small modal volume and high quality factor display a high spontaneous emission coupling factor beta. Lasing is confirmed by measuring the second order autocorrelation function. A smooth transition from chaotic to coherent emission is observed, and coherent emission is obtained at 8 times the threshold power

Results from the first phase of the seafloor backscatter processing software inter-comparison project

Seafloor backscatter mosaics are now routinely produced from multibeam echosounder data and used in a wide range of marine applications. However, large differences (>5 dB) can often be observed between the mosaics produced by different software packages processing the same dataset. Without transparency of the processing pipeline and the lack of consistency between software packages raises concerns about the validity of the final results. To recognize the source(s) of inconsistency between software, it is necessary to understand at which stage(s) of the data processing chain the differences become substantial. To this end, willing commercial and academic software developers were invited to generate intermediate processed backscatter results from a common dataset, for cross-comparison. The first phase of the study requested intermediate processed results consisting of two stages of the processing sequence: the one-value-per-beam level obtained after reading the raw data and the level obtained after radiometric corrections but before compensation of the angular dependence. Both of these intermediate results showed large differences between software solutions. This study explores the possible reasons for these differences and highlights the need for collaborative efforts between software developers and their users to improve the consistency and transparency of the backscatter data processing sequence

Heterogeneous integration and precise alignment of InP-based photonic crystal lasers to complementary metal-oxide semiconductor fabricated silicon-on-insulator wire waveguides

The integration of two-dimensional III-V InP-based photonic crystal and silicon wire waveguides is achieved through an accurate alignment of the two optical levels using mix-and-match deep ultraviolet (DUV)/electron beam lithography. The adhesively bonded structures exhibit an enhancement of light emission at frequencies where low group velocity modes of the photonic crystal line defect waveguides occur. Pulsed laser operation is obtained from these modes at room temperature under optical pumping. The laser light is coupled out of the Si waveguide via grating couplers directly to single mode fiber

Continuous-Wave Second-Harmonic Generation in Orientation-Patterned Gallium Phosphide Waveguides at Telecom Wavelengths

A new process to produce orientation-patterned gallium phosphide (OP-GaP) on GaAs with almost perfectly parallel domain boundaries is presented. Taking advantage of the chemical selectivity between phosphides and arsenides, OP-GaP is processed into suspended shallow-ridge waveguides. Efficient second-harmonic generation from telecom wavelengths is achieved in both Type-I and Type-II polarisation configurations. The highest observed conversion efficiency is 200% W–1 cm–2, with a bandwidth of 2.67 nm in a 1 mm-long waveguide. The variation of the conversion efficiency with wavelength closely follows a squared cardinal sine function, in excellent agreement with theory, confirming the good uniformity of the poling period over the entire length of the waveguide

A mutli-technique search for the most primitive CO chondrites

As part of a study to identify the most primitive COs and to look for weakly altered CMs amongst the COs, we have conducted a multi-technique study of 16 Antarctic meteorites that had been classified as primitive COs. For this study, we have determined: (1) the bulk H, C and N abundances and isotopes, (2) bulk O isotopic compositions, (3) bulk modal mineralogies, and (4) for some selected samples the abundances and compositions of their insoluble organic matter (IOM). Two of the 16 meteorites do appear to be CMs – BUC 10943 seems to be a fairly typical CM, while MIL 090073 has probably been heated. Of the COs, DOM 08006 appears to be the most primitive CO identified to date and is quite distinct from the other members of its pairing group. The other COs fall into two groups that are less primitive than DOM 08006 and ALH 77307, the previously most primitive CO. The first group is composed of members of the DOM 08004 pairing group, except DOM 08006. The second group is composed of meteorites belonging to the MIL 03377 and MIL 07099 pairing groups. These two pairing groups should probably be combined. There is a dichotomy in the bulk O isotopes between the primitive (all Antarctic finds) and the more metamorphosed COs (mostly falls). This dichotomy can only partly be explained by the terrestrial weathering experienced by the primitive Antarctic samples. It seems that the more equilibrated samples interacted to a greater extent with 16O-poor material, probably water, than the more primitive meteorites

Réduire les fuites de nitrate au moyen de cultures intermédiaires : conséquences sur les bilans d'eau et d'azote, autres services écosystémiques

La présence de nitrate en excès dans les eaux de surface et les nappes phréatiques pose des problèmes de santé publique et de dégradation de l’environnement. C’est d’abord un enjeu de santé publique notamment pour les nappes phréatiques, avec la nécessité de distribuer une eau de boisson présentant une teneur inférieure à la norme de potabilité qui est de 50 mg de nitrate par litre. C’est aussi un enjeu de protection de l’environnement pour les eaux de surface, en particulier pour certains bassins versants proches de la mer, comme en Bretagne ; le transfert rapide du nitrate des zones agricoles vers la mer induit une eutrophisation des zones côtières

Réduire les fuites de nitrate au moyen de cultures intermédiaires : conséquences sur les bilans d'eau et d'azote, autres services écosystémiques : Synthèse du rapport d'étude

Synthèse du rapport d'étude. Le présent document constitue la synthèse de l’étude sollicitée conjointement par le Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Energie et le Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Agroalimentaire et subventionnée par le Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Energie (étude n° 2100450303). Son contenu n'engage que la responsabilité de ses auteurs. Le rapport d’étude, source de cette synthèse, a été élaboré par les experts scientifiques sans condition d’approbation préalable par les commanditaires ou l’INRA. La synthèse a été validée par les auteurs du rapport

Réduire les fuites de nitrate au moyen de cultures intermédiaires : conséquences sur les bilans d'eau et d'azote, autres services écosystémiques : Synthèse du rapport d'étude

Synthèse du rapport d'étude. Le présent document constitue la synthèse de l’étude sollicitée conjointement par le Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Energie et le Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Agroalimentaire et subventionnée par le Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable et de l'Energie (étude n° 2100450303). Son contenu n'engage que la responsabilité de ses auteurs. Le rapport d’étude, source de cette synthèse, a été élaboré par les experts scientifiques sans condition d’approbation préalable par les commanditaires ou l’INRA. La synthèse a été validée par les auteurs du rapport

Upscaling Flow and Transport Processes

Peer reviewe