Industrial applications of multi-functional, multi-phase reactors

To reveal trends in the design and operation of multi-functional, multi-phase reactors, this paper describes, in historical sequence, three industrial applications of multi-functional, multi-phase reactors developed and operated by Shell Chemicals during the last five decades. For each case, we describe the design requirements, the design knowledge that was used and how the reactor was designed conceptually. In addition, we also indicate what development methods, models and tools were applied, and how commercial start-up and operation went. Due to an increased demand for processes that produce no waste, require little energy, are low in cost and produce products of excellent quality, it is expected that more multi-functional reactors will be developed and operated in future. These reactors will be conceptually designed using increasingly systematic methods, in which all requirements - Safety, Health and Environment, Sustainability, Product Quality and Low Cost - are first translated into functions. Requirements are thus combined as much as possible on a functional level after which the appropriate equipment is designed. Reliable start-up and operation will be increasingly achieved by the modelling of all individual functions and integration of these functions into comprehensive reactor models together with well designed, small-scale experiments

MEMORY EFFECTS IN THE FRAGMENTATION OF MOLECULES FOLLOWING SITE-SPECIFIC CORE EXCITATION

The site-specific excitation using soft X-rays of inner shell electrons at two carbon atoms in the same molecule but with varied chemical environments is described. Resulting fragmentation patterns demonstrate that fragmentation is dependent upon the site of excitation