Adaptation of the forecasting system to control Black Leaf Streak Disease of banana in the specific conditions of Dominican Republic

Introduction. Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD) is the most important foliar disease affecting banana production worldwide. A forecasting system has been developed and implemented in various countries aiming at optimal control of BLSD through minimum applications of fungicide. In Dominican Republic, favorable dry climatic conditions contrast with serious organizational issues for BLSD control. Our objective was to evaluate the adaptation of this forecasting strategy in these specific conditions. Materials and methods. Fungicide resistance analyses were carried out in the northwestern region of Dominican Republic, in order to determine the appropriate spectrum of systemic fungicides for the forecasting strategy. Three field experiments were set up on commercial farms where disease evolution was monitored every week, on reference plots, in order to decide the pertinence of fungicide applications. Results. Fungicide resistance to QoI fungicides and strong sensitivity reduction to DMI (Demethylation Inhibitor) fungicides were detected in all farms. In spite of these limitations in the use of some fungicide groups, disease control was achieved with a limited number of fungicide applications (6–9), as compared with 13–26 applications in most commercial farms of Dominican Republic over the same period. Discussion. The calculation of an indicator of the efficiency of the chemical control confirmed the potential of the forecasting strategy, underlining the influence of crop management as well as the neighboring environment of the farms on its efficiency. The requirements for further generalization of this system to commercial farms of this country are discussed. (Résumé d'auteur

Long-Distance Wind-Dispersal of Spores in a Fungal Plant Pathogen: Estimation of Anisotropic Dispersal Kernels from an Extensive Field Experiment

Given its biological significance, determining the dispersal kernel (i.e., the distribution of dispersal distances) of spore-producing pathogens is essential. Here, we report two field experiments designed to measure disease gradients caused by sexually- and asexually-produced spores of the wind-dispersed banana plant fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Gradients were measured during a single generation and over 272 traps installed up to 1000 m along eight directions radiating from a traceable source of inoculum composed of fungicide-resistant strains. We adjusted several kernels differing in the shape of their tail and tested for two types of anisotropy. Contrasting dispersal kernels were observed between the two types of spores. For sexual spores (ascospores), we characterized both a steep gradient in the first few metres in all directions and rare long-distance dispersal (LDD) events up to 1000 m from the source in two directions. A heavy-tailed kernel best fitted the disease gradient. Although ascospores distributed evenly in all directions, average dispersal distance was greater in two different directions without obvious correlation with wind patterns. For asexual spores (conidia), few dispersal events occurred outside of the source plot. A gradient up to 12.5 m from the source was observed in one direction only. Accordingly, a thin-tailed kernel best fitted the disease gradient, and anisotropy in both density and distance was correlated with averaged daily wind gust. We discuss the validity of our results as well as their implications in terms of disease diffusion and management strategy

Effects of Black Leaf Streak Disease and Sigatoka Disease on fruit quality and maturation process of bananas produced in the subtropical conditions of southern Brazil

Banana fruits are harvested at the green-mature stage (pre-climacteric) in order to allow sufficient time for transport and marketing. The time between the harvest and the initiation of the natural ripening process is called green life (GL), which is closely correlated to physiological age. Sigatoka Disease (SD: also called yellow Sigatoka) and Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD; also called black Sigatoka) are the main foliar diseases affecting banana production. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of these diseases on banana GL and postharvest behavior in subtropical conditions (southeastern Brazil). The results showed that both diseases shortened the banana's GL when compared to control bananas of the same physiological age. Moreover, fruits from infested plots showed higher values of CO2 (+100% for SD and +300% for BLSD) and C2H4 production (+30% for SD and +60% for BLSD) at the climacteric peak. BLSD caused 40% reduction in fruit weight. Fruits from plants with a high degree of SD or BLSD undergo an altered maturation process. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.MA

Le gainage précoce des régimes de bananes améliore la croissance des fruits et leur état sanitaire vis-à-vis de l'anthracnose (Colletotrichum musae)

L'anthracnose des bananes, causée par #Colletotrichum musae#, est une maladie de conservation qui est généralement contrôlée par des traitements fongicides après la récolte. D'autres moyens de lutte sont aujourd'hui recherchés pour remplacer cette lutte chimique, dont l'épistillage et le gainage des inflorescences effectué habituellement au stade "doigts horizontaux" (Sdh). Compte tenu de la précocité de la pollution des fruits par #C. musae#, du rôle joué par l'eau de pluie comme agent de dissémination des conidies et de l'effet barrière que joue la gaine dans cette dissémination, nous avons voulu évaluer les conséquences, sur le niveau de contamination des fruits, d'un gainage précoce ou tardif. Par ailleurs, nous avons voulu évaluer la possibilité de remplacer l'épistillage au champ par un gainage à un stade très précoce plus facile à effectuer. Enfin, nous avons voulu vérifier qu'un gainage précoce pouvait entraîner un meilleur remplissage des fruits. Nous avons comparé différents stades de gainage (Sdh-7 j, Sdh, Sdh+7 j, Sdh+14 j, régimes non gainés) vis-à-vis de leurs effets sur la contamination des fruits, mais aussi sur leur croissance (nombre de cellules par fruit, poids moyen du fruit). Le gainage précoce (Sdh-7) a aussi été comparé à la combinaison épistillage/gainage au stade Sdh qui est une technique efficace mais coûteuse en main d'oeuvre. Les niveaux de contamination des fruits ont été significativement les plus élevés sur des régimes gainés tardivement (Sdh+7, Sdh+14) ou, pires, sur des régimes non gainés. Les taux de contamination les plus faibles ont été mesurés sur les fruits gainés précocement (Sdh-7) ou au Sdh, sans qu'il n'y ait de différences significatives entre ces deux traitements. Par ailleurs, le gainage précoce n'a pas autant réduit la contamination des fruits que l'épistillage au champ associé au gainage Sdh. Enfin, le stade de gainage a influencé la croissance des fruits. La pose précoce de la gaine avant le stade Sdh, voire à un stade plus précoce (Sdh-7), est recommandée. (Résumé d'auteur

Aetiology, effect of chemicals, and influence of fruit exudates, insects and fruit maturity on the incidence of fruit speckle of banana

The symptoms of fruit speckle of banana are minute reddish-brown to black spots (0.5–1 mm in diameter) often with an oil-soaked or water-soaked margin. Research was conducted into the aetiology, aspects of epidemiology and chemical control of fruit speckle. In a field planting of Lady-finger banana, bunches injected at bunch emergence with the fungicide azoxystrobin (0.15 g a.i./L) and sprayed fortnightly with azoxystrobin (0.25 g a.i./L) significantly reduced the number of speckle lesions/cm compared with bunches injected and sprayed fortnightly with insecticides indicating fruit speckle was caused by fungi. Of the 11 species of fungi recovered from speckle lesions, only Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium oxysporum and F. semitectum reproduced speckle-like symptoms on young fruit. Studies on fruit speckle epidemiology showed spraying young fruit with a 10% sap solution before inoculation with Fusarium spp. caused a 3-fold increase in the number of speckle lesions but had much less of an effect on the incidence of speckle following inoculation with C. musae. Fruit was also shown to be less susceptible to fruit speckle as it matured. The presence of flower thrips had little effect on the incidence of speckle on fruit inoculated with C. musae but caused a 10-fold increase in the incidence of speckle on fruit inoculated with Fusarium spp. In an in vitro experiment, the fungicides propineb, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, copper oxide, mancozeb and chlorothalonil effectively reduced the disease compared with the inoculated control

Hand position on the bunch and source-sink ratio influence the banana fruit susceptibility to crown rot disease

The postharvest development of crown rot of bananas depends notably on the fruit susceptibility to this disease at harvest. It has been shown that fruit susceptibility to crown rot is variable and it was suggested that this depends on environmental preharvest factors. However, little is known about the preharvest factors influencing this susceptibility. The aim of this work was to evaluate the extent to which fruit filling characteristics during growth and the fruit development stage influence the banana susceptibility to crown rot. This involved evaluating the influence of (a) the fruit position at different levels of the banana bunch (hands) and (b) changing the source-sink ratio (So-Si ratio), on the fruit susceptibility to crown rot. The fruit susceptibility was determined by measuring the internal necrotic surface (INS) after artificial inoculation of Colletotrichum musae. A linear correlation (r = -0.95) was found between the hand position on the bunch and the INS. The So-Si ratio was found to influence the pomological characteristics of the fruits and their susceptibility to crown rot. Fruits of bunches from which six hands were removed (two hands remaining on the bunch) proved to be significantly less susceptible to crown rot (INS = 138.3 mm 2) than those from bunches with eight hands (INS = 237.9 mm 2). The banana susceptibility to crown rot is thus likely to be influenced by the fruit development stage and filling characteristics. The present results highlight the importance of standardising hand sampling on a bunch when testing fruit susceptibility to crown rot. They also show that hand removal in the field has advantages in the context of integrated pest management, making it possible to reduce fruit susceptibility to crown rot while increasing fruit size

Sigatoka disease reduces the greenlife of bananas

Sigatoka disease (SD) of bananas is caused by the pathogenic fungus Mycosphaerella musicola Leach. This disease provokes necrotic lesions on leaves and serious infestations can lead to a substantial reduction in the leaf area of infected plants and thus to yield losses. In addition to these effects on yield, SO was found to have an impact on fruit quality, especially because exported bananas ripen prematurely. In the present work, a plantation survey and experiments have been conducted in Guadeloupe (FWI) to assess the effect of this disease on the greenlife of bananas harvested at a constant physiological age, as measured in degree-days (dd). Our results revealed that bananas harvested at 900 dd from plants with high Sigatoka disease severity had normal diameter growth, but a shorter greenlife (GL) than bananas harvested from uninfected plants. These results indicate that SD is directly responsible for the reduction of banana greenlife since the reduction of GL could not be attributed to the harvest of fruits at a more advanced physiological age (dd). Furthermore, a correlation was noted between SO severity and GL The potential physiological mechanisms involved are also discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved