Seasonal and Latitudinal Variations in Circadian Rhythms of Red-Backed Vole

Circadian rhythms of two allopatric species, Clethrionomys gapperi and C. rutilus were studied near their common border at Heart Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, in winter and spring of 1965-1966. Circadian rhythms of C. gapperi were also studied at Edmonton, Alberta, in the winter and spring of 1964-1965. Activity was measured by recording passages through a door in cages exposed to normal meteorological conditions of the forest floor. Daily peaks of activity of each species were of longer duration and higher amplitude in spring than in winter. C. rutilus was polyphasic in winter, nocturnal in spring. C. gapperi at Heart Lake was nocturnal in winter but had peaks of activity persisting from dusk each evening to noon of the following day. C. gapperi at Edmonton was diurnal in all seasons

Seasonal Variations in Circadian Rhythms of Deer Mice, in Northwestern Canada

Circadian rhythms of Peromyscus maniculatus were studied at Heart Lake, Northwest Territories, in winter and spring of 1965-1966. Daily peaks of activity were of longer duration and higher amplitude in spring than in winter. In winter deer mice were frequently observed in torpor and most activity occurred at night. In spring daily peaks of activity began before dark and extended 4 to 5 hours into daylight of the next morning.Variations saisonnières dans le rythme circadien de la Souris à pattes blanches, Peromyscus maniculatus, dans le Nord-ouest du Canada.  Au cours de l’hiver et du printemps 1965-66, on a étudié le rythme circadien de Peromyscus maniculatus à Heart Lake, Territoires du Nord-Ouest.  Les sommets d’activité quotidienne étaient de plus longue durée et de plus grande amplitude au printemps qu’en hiver.  En hiver, on observait souvent la Souris à pattes blanches dans un état de torpeur et presque toute son activité se produisait la nuit.  Au printemps, les périodes d’activité maximale commençaient avant la nuit et se terminaient de 3 à 4 heures après l’aube du jour suivant

Shame Proneness as a Vulnerability Factor for Negative Emotions in the Context of Interpersonal Stressors: An Experience Sampling Study

Shame proneness is associated with psychopathology and may serve as a risk factor for experiencing distressing emotions at subclinical and clinical levels across diagnoses. Additionally, shame-prone individuals may have increased sensitivity toward interpersonal stressors and negative shifts in self-evaluations. However, little to no research has examined shame proneness as a prospective risk factor for distressed moods following interpersonal stressors using experience sampling methods. Furthermore, disagreement on theories of shame make it difficult to achieve consistent results in the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess whether shame proneness acts as a risk factor for distressed moods in the context of interpersonal stressors. Participants included 152 (76% female) undergraduate students (Mage = 19.51, SD = 2.09) varying across clinical and non-clinical levels of anxiety and mood disorders. Participants completed baseline measures of shame- and guilt-proneness followed by ratings of stressful interactions for five weeks, three times a week. Participants rated the degree to which the stressful event involved the other individual’s negative evaluation, and the degree to which the participants viewed themselves as having agency (i.e., status, social standing) and communion (i.e., social connection) as a result of the interaction. Participants also rated concurrent depressed, anxious, and angry moods at the time of the interaction. Multilevel modeling was used to test the effects of shame proneness (controlling for guilt proneness) on daily distressed moods and moderations with the above person-mean centered interpersonal stressors. Results showed that grand-mean centered shame proneness prospectively predicted depressed and anxious but not angry moods across stressor contexts (b = 0.02, 95CI = [0.01, 0.04]; b = 0.02, 95CI = [0.01, 0.04]; and b = 0.02, 95CI = [-0.01, 0.03], respectively). Only perceived negative evaluation interacted with shame proneness when predicting angry mood (b = 0.0001, 95CI = [0.0001, 0.0005]), such that individuals higher in shame proneness experienced even more angry mood following these stressors relative to less shame-prone peers. Shame proneness did not interact with perceived submission or disconnectedness when predicting distressed moods, contrary to hypotheses. Implications for theory of shame are discussed

Simultaneous aluminum, silicon, and sodium coordination changes in 6 GPa sodium aluminosilicate glasses

We present the first direct observation of high-coordinated Si and Al occurring together in a series of high-pressure sodium aluminosilicate glasses, quenched from melts at 6 GPa. Using ^(29)Si MAS NMR, we observe that a small amount of Al does not have a significant effect on the amount of ^VSi or ^(VI)Si generated, but that larger Al concentrations lead to a gradual decrease in both these species. ^(27)Al MAS NMR spectra show that samples with small amounts of Al have extremely high mean Al coordination values of up to 5.49, but that larger Al concentrations cause a gradual decrease in both ^VAl and ^(VI)Al. Although mean Al and Si coordination numbers both decrease with increasing Al contents, the weighted combined (Al+Si) coordination number increases. Silicon and Al resonances shift in frequency with increasing pressure or changing Al concentration, indicating additional structural changes, including compression of network bond angles. Increases in the ^(23)Na isotropic chemical shifts indicate decreases in the mean Na-O bond lengths with increasing pressure, which are more dramatic at higher Al contents. Recovered glass densities are about 10 to 15% greater than those of similar ambient pressure samples. However, the density increases due to the combined coordination changes of Al and Si are estimated to total only about 1 to 2%, and are roughly constant with composition despite the large effects of Al content on the individual coordinations of the two cations. Thus, effects of other structural changes must be significant to the overall densification. Apparent equilibrium constants for reactions involving the generation of high-coordinated species show systematic behavior, which suggests an internal consistency to the observed Si and Al coordination number shifts

Advanced techniques for determining long term compatibility of materials with propellants

A method for the prediction of propellant-material compatibility for periods of time up to ten years is presented. Advanced sensitive measurement techniques used in the prediction method are described. These include: neutron activation analysis, radioactive tracer technique, and atomic absorption spectroscopy with a graphite tube furnace sampler. The results of laboratory tests performed to verify the prediction method are presented

The Community Income Multiplier.

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The Effect of a Non-Thermal Tail on the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect in clusters of galaxies

We study the spectral distortions of the cosmic microwave background radiation induced by the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in clusters of galaxies when the target electrons have a modified Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with a high-energy non-thermal tail. Bremsstrahlung radiation from this type of \\ electron distribution may explain the supra-thermal X-ray emission observed in some clusters such as the Coma cluster and A2199 and serve as an alternative to the classical but problematic inverse Compton scattering interpretation. We show that the SZ effect can be used as a powerful tool to probe the electron distribution in clusters of galaxies and discriminate among these different interpretations of the X-ray excess. The existence of a non-thermal tail can have important consequences for cluster based estimators of cosmological parameters.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, version to be published in ApJ. Let