Alcohol drinking and head and neck cancer risk: the joint effect of intensity and duration

Background: Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). This study aims to explore the effect of alcohol intensity and duration, as joint continuous exposures, on HNC risk. Methods: Data from 26 case-control studies in the INHANCE Consortium were used, including never and current drinkers who drunk ≤10 drinks/day for ≤54 years (24234 controls, 4085 oral cavity, 3359 oropharyngeal, 983 hypopharyngeal and 3340 laryngeal cancers). The dose-response relationship between the risk and the joint exposure to drinking intensity and duration was investigated through bivariate regression spline models, adjusting for potential confounders, including tobacco smoking. Results: For all subsites, cancer risk steeply increased with increasing drinks/day, with no appreciable threshold effect at lower intensities. For each intensity level, the risk of oral cavity, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers did not vary according to years of drinking, suggesting no effect of duration. For oropharyngeal cancer, the risk increased with durations up to 28 years, flattening thereafter. The risk peaked at the higher levels of intensity and duration for all subsites (odds ratio = 7.95 for oral cavity, 12.86 for oropharynx, 24.96 for hypopharynx and 6.60 for larynx). Conclusions: Present results further encourage the reduction of alcohol intensity to mitigate HNC risk

Oral manifestations of systemic disease

While the majority of disorders of the mouth are centred upon the direct action of plaque, the oral tissues can be subject to change or damage as a consequence of disease that predominantly affects other body systems. Such oral manifestations of systemic disease can be highly variable in both frequency and presentation. As lifespan increases and medical care becomes ever more complex and effective it is likely that the numbers of individuals with oral manifestations of systemic disease will continue to rise. The present article provides a succinct review of oral manifestations of systemic disease. In view of this article being part of a wider BDJ themed issue on the subject of oral medicine, this review focuses upon oral mucosal and salivary gland disorders that may arise as a consequence of systemic disease

Lessons learned from the INHANCE consortium: An overview of recent results on head and neck cancer

Objective: To summarize the latest evidence on head and neck cancer epidemiology from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium. Subjects and Methods: INHANCE was established in 2004 to elucidate the etiology of head and neck cancer through pooled analyses of individual-level data on a large scale. We summarize results from recent INHANCE-based publications updating our 2015 overview. Results: Seventeen papers were published between 2015 and May 2020. These studies further define the nature of risks associated with tobacco and alcohol, and occupational exposures on head and neck cancer. The beneficial effects on incidence of head and neck cancer were identified for good oral health, endogenous and exogenous hormonal factors, and selected aspects of diet related to fruit and vegetables. INHANCE has begun to develop risk prediction models and to pool follow-up data on their studies, finding that ~30% of cases had cancer recurrence and 9% second primary cancers, with overall- and disease-specific 5-year-survival of 51% and 57%, respectively. Conclusions: The number and importance of INHANCE scientific findings provides further evidence of the advantages of large-scale internationally collaborative projects and will support the development of prevention strategies

Alcohol drinking and head and neck cancer risk: the joint effect of intensity and duration

Background: Alcohol is a well-established risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). This study aims to explore the effect of alcohol intensity and duration, as joint continuous exposures, on HNC risk. Methods: Data from 26 case-control studies in the INHANCE Consortium were used, including never and current drinkers who drunk ≤10 drinks/day for ≤54 years (24234 controls, 4085 oral cavity, 3359 oropharyngeal, 983 hypopharyngeal and 3340 laryngeal cancers). The dose-response relationship between the risk and the joint exposure to drinking intensity and duration was investigated through bivariate regression spline models, adjusting for potential confounders, including tobacco smoking. Results: For all subsites, cancer risk steeply increased with increasing drinks/day, with no appreciable threshold effect at lower intensities. For each intensity level, the risk of oral cavity, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers did not vary according to years of drinking, suggesting no effect of duration. For oropharyngeal cancer, the risk increased with durations up to 28 years, flattening thereafter. The risk peaked at the higher levels of intensity and duration for all subsites (odds ratio = 7.95 for oral cavity, 12.86 for oropharynx, 24.96 for hypopharynx and 6.60 for larynx). Conclusions: Present results further encourage the reduction of alcohol intensity to mitigate HNC risk

Tumeur à cellules géantes : à propos d’un cas récidivant et agressif à localisation mandibulaire

Introduction : La tumeur à cellules géantes (TCG) est une lésion osseuse qui se développe préférentiellement au niveau de l’épiphyse des os longs chez des sujets de 20 à 40 ans, mais exceptionnellement au niveau des maxillaires. D’étiologie inconnue, elle fait partie du groupe des tumeurs osseuses bénignes. Ce groupe nosologique comprend le granulome central à cellules géantes (GCCG), le chérubisme, le kyste anévrismal ainsi que les TCG et les tumeurs brunes liées à l’hyperthyroïdie. L’histologie ne permet pas de poser un diagnostic de certitude entre la TCG et le GCCG. Cependant, les TCG présentent un tableau clinique plus agressif et récidivant. Il existe un risque de transformation maligne en sarcome dans 10 à 20% des cas (Barthélemy 2009) et un fort potentiel métastatique (Martin-Duverneuil 2004). Observation : Le cas rapporté est celui d’une patiente de 28 ans qui présentait une tuméfaction intrabuccale douloureuse de 35mm de grand axe, en distal de 47. Le Cone Beam (CBCT) montrait une lésion osseuse radioclaire sous-jacente de 22mm de grand axe, à proximité d’un apex résiduel de 48. Le diagnostic initial était celui d’un kyste résiduel compliqué d’une cellulite. Le traitement a consisté en une énucléation simple. L’examen anatomopathologique suspectait un granulome périphérique à cellules géantes (GPCG) avec atteinte osseuse. La patiente a été perdue de vue 4 mois jusqu’à la récidive de la lésion. Le nouveau CBCT montrait une lésion ostéolytique de 40mm de grand axe, au niveau de l’angle mandibulaire, envahissant la branche montante avec perforation des corticales et atteinte des tissus mous. Une chirurgie interruptrice mandibulaire en marges saines avec reconstruction par attelle en titane préformée a été réalisée. L’examen anatomopathologique de la pièce d’exérèse n’a pas pu conclure entre GCCG et TCG. La patiente a été suivie 2 ans sans récidive. Discussion : Contrairement au GPCG, le GCCG et la TCG se développent d’abord dans l’os spongieux puis de manière excentrique jusqu’aux corticales osseuses qui peuvent être détruites et aux tissus mous qui sont refoulés ou envahis. Le contenu est mou, de couleur brun-rouge, parfois vacuolaire ou hémorragique. L’examen histologique montre un stroma assez homogène, très vasculaire, contenant, à côté de cellules mononuclées, de grandes cellules multinucléées : les cellules géantes. Le nombre de noyaux serait corrélé avec l’agressivité de la tumeur (Ficarra 1987). Moins fréquente que le GCCG, la TCG est plus agressive. Elle récidive dans environ 50% des cas. La recommandation actuelle est de la traiter par exérèse chirurgicale réglée avec des limites histologiques saines. Le curetage est insuffisant pour prévenir le risque de récidive et de transformation maligne (Barthélémy 2009). Dans le cas rapporté, la forme particulièrement agressive de la tumeur chez cette jeune patiente (récidive en 4 mois avec perforation des corticales et envahissement des parties molles) nous a orienté vers le diagnostic de TCG et un traitement radical de sa récidive. Conclusion : La TCG nécessite un diagnostic précoce et une exérèse en marges saines dès la première intervention afin de diminuer le risque de récidive et d’éviter des traitements plus mutilants