Forest and rural development assessment over a period of 200 years: a case study in the South Moravian region.

Historical maps are useful sources of geographical information for territorial research. The optimal distribution of the rural road network is a crucial tool for forestry and agricultural land management. This study provides a general framework for the assessment of the rural road network density and distribution in terms of historical development. The derived knowledge can be applied in the planning of the landscape in order to implement the study findings. For the study, a part of the hydrographic basin of the Svitava River (Blansko district, The South Moravian Region, Czech Republic) was selected. The examination of road distribution dynamics on the historical cartography over a period of almost 300 years was conducted. The basin map was created in ArcGIS software and the single map layers from the 2nd military mapping in years 1836 - 1852, as well as the topography mapping in 1952 and 2020 were used for comparison. Vector layers of the rural road network and borders of the area were created for the evaluation of their density and distribution. Macro analysis of the area identified that the density of the rural road network mostly increased in the period between 1952 - 2020

The Historical Development of Rural Roads in the Basilicata Region, Southern Italy”.

The rural road network is an inseparable part of the landscape and a fundamental mean for agricultural and forest management. The aim of this study was to analyze the historical development of the rural road network in relation to its density and distribution. The evaluation of the rural road network development includes an assessment of whether and how the road layout changed in time. For this study, a part of the hydrographic basin of the Bradano River (Basilicata region, Southern Italy) was selected. The basin map was created in ArcGIS environment the single map layers from the years 1829, 1875, 1955 and 2013 were imported. Vector layers of rural road network and basin boundaries were created in each of the maps for the rural road network density calculation, defined by the ratio of the length of hauling roads (in meters) to the basin area (in hectares). For the calculation of its distribution in the study area, the methodology commonly used for forest road network evaluation - based on average geometrical skidding distance and theoretical skidding distance - was applied. The analysis shows that the roads were constructed gradually, with an abrupt increase after the Second World War

Concerning the shock sensitivity of cyclic nitramines incorporated into a polyisobutylene matrix

Two types of plastic bonded explosives (PBXs) based on ε-2,4,6,8,10,12hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (ε-HNIW, CL-20), and PBXs based on 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), β-1,3,4,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (β-HMX) and cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole (bicycloHMX, BCHMX) were prepared using a polyisobutylene binder with dioctylsebacate (DOS) as plasticizer, i.e. a C4 matrix. One version of the ε-HNIW PBX is a product with reduced sensitivity (RS-ε-HNIW). All these PBXs, referenced respectively as RS-ε-HNIW-C4, ε-HNIW-C4, RDX-C4, HMX-C4 and BCHMX-C4, were tested using the Small Scale Gap Test according to STANAG 4488. The results of the gap test on the PBXs with RDX, β-HMX and BCHMX correspond to the impact sensitivities of the original crystalline nitramines. This is not entirely valid for ε-HNIW. In other words, PBXs with RS-ε-HNIW cannot achieve as low a shock sensitivity as would be expected from the differences obtained from the impact sensitivities between RDX, β-HMX and BCHMX, on the one hand, and RS-εHNIW on the other. It is shown that the morphological stability of RS-ε-HNIW in the C4 matrix is insufficient. However, further development and use of RS-ε-HNIW as a filler of PBXs would seem to be both desirable and beneficial. Despite the relatively high impact sensitivity of crystalline BCHMX, the shock sensitivity of its analogous C4 PBX is already good, and comparable with that of RS-ε-HNIW