Dielectric response due to stochastic motion of pinned domain walls

We study the contribution of stochastic motion of a domain wall (DW) to the dielectric AC susceptibility for low frequencies. Using the concept of waiting time distributions, which is related to the energy landscape of the DW in a disordered medium, we derive the power-law behavior of the complex susceptibility observed recently in some ferroelectrics below Curie temperature.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, revtex

Forensic Examination as a Mediation Tool: Genesis and Prospects for Development in the Context of Martial Law and Post-War Revival of Ukraine

The study explores justice, forensic examination and mediation from the time of their genesis to the present day. The article analyzes historical examples of the application of forensic examination within the mediation process from the Ancient East and Antiquity to the 20th century, as well as the processes of establishing the legitimization of forensic examination (from the end of the 19th century) and mediation (from the end of the 20th century) in Ukraine and abroad. Attention is paid to the prototypes of forensic examination in the times of Kievan Rus, the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Cossack State and the entry of Ukrainian lands into the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires, as well as the emergence of forensic examination before the First World War and during the Ukrainian Revolution and the expansion of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of Soviet power. The formation of regional offices (1923) and later institutes of scientific and forensic expertise (1925) in Kyiv, Odesa and Kharkiv is studied. The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of forensic examination within the establishment and legitimization of the mediation procedure in independent Ukraine. The provisions of the current legislation on forensic examination and mediation are analyzed. The authors substantiate the prospects of using the results of forensic expert activity for the application of mediation procedures in the settlement of disputes through negotiations between the parties using the conclusions of forensic experts. The authors identify the most promising types of forensic expertise for the mediation procedure (economic, commodity, construction, intellectual property, etc.). The authors determine the prospects for mediators to use expert opinions not only in family, labor, civil, commercial and administrative disputes, but also in criminal cases during martial law and post-war revival of Ukraine

Electronic Properties of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells as Influenced by a Buffer Layer

We considered modification of the defect density of states in CdTe as influenced by a buffer layer in ZnO(ZnS, SnSe)/CdS/CdTe solar cells. Compared to the solar cells employing ZnO buffer layers, implementation of ZnSe and ZnS resulted in the lower net ionized acceptor concentration and the energy shift of the dominant deep trap levels to the midgap of CdTe. The results clearly indicated that the same defect was responsible for the inefficient doping and the formation of recombination centers in CdTe. This observation can be explained taking into account the effect of strain on the electronic properties of the grain boundary interface states in polycrystalline CdTe. In the conditions of strain, interaction of chlorine with the grain boundary point defects can be altered

Revitalizing the Retail Trade Sector in Rural Communities: Experiences of 13 North Dakota Towns

Community/Rural/Urban Development,

Formation and development of the legal regulation of foreign investments in Russia

The article’s purpose is to study the formation and the development of the legal regulation of foreign investment in the Russian Federation. During the research, the authors analyzed the legal mechanisms for creating an enabling environment for attracting foreign investments in Russia. The authors concluded that it is necessary to systematize Russian legislation in the field of foreign investments and to bring Russian legislation into line with the norms of international law. They also came to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop legal regulation of foreign investments within the framework of the integration space of the Eurasian Economic Union.peer-reviewe

Comparative legal analysis of mediation in Russia and the EU

The purpose of this article is to identify the specifics of mediation procedures, review them as extrajudicial method of conflict resolution. As the methodological basis of the research we use the synergistic, phenomenological and dialectical analysis techniques to examine the main aspects of the mediation as well as identify its principal features. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that in Russia it is necessary to take into account the international experience of mediation, legislation to support the mediation process and in some cases give it forceful character, to develop cooperation with the courts and notaries with the mediators.peer-reviewe

Multigrid elliptic equation solver with adaptive mesh refinement

In this paper we describe in detail the computational algorithm used by our parallel multigrid elliptic equation solver with adaptive mesh refinement. Our code uses truncation error estimates to adaptively refine the grid as part of the solution process. The presentation includes a discussion of the orders of accuracy that we use for prolongation and restriction operators to ensure second order accurate results and to minimize computational work. Code tests are presented that confirm the overall second order accuracy and demonstrate the savings in computational resources provided by adaptive mesh refinement.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, Modified in response to reviewer suggestions, added figure, added references. Accepted for publication in J. Comp. Phy