Performance Analysis of Traffic and Mobility Models on Mobile and Vehicular Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Advances in wireless communication technology and the proliferation of mobile devices enable the capa- bilities of communicating with each other even in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure. Traffic and mobility models play an important role in evaluating the performance of these communication networks. Despite criticism and assumption from various researches on Transmission Control Protocols (TCP), weaknesses on Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), and Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). A simulation was carried out to evaluate the performance of Constant Bit Rate, Variable Bit Rate and Transmission Control Protocol on MANET and VANET using DSR routing protocol. CBR, VBR, and TCP have different manufacturer operation mechanisms and these differences lead to significant performance of CBR and VBR over TCP with better throughput and less average maximal end-to-end delay. DSR was able to respond to link failure at low mobility which led to TCP’s performance in packets delivery

On the Covariant Quantization of the 2nd-Ilk Superparticle

This paper is devoted to the quantization of the second-ilk superparticle using the Batalin-Vilkovisky method. We show the full structure of the master action. By imposing gauge conditions on the gauge fields rather than on coordinates we find a gauge-fixed quantum action which is free. The structure of the BRST charge is exhibited and the BRST cohomology yields the same physical spectrum as the light- cone quantization of the usual superparticle.Comment: 17 page

Ensuring Food Security - A Case for ASEAN Integration

The ASEAN member countries can be grouped into three sub-groups, each of which exhibits a distinct pattern with respect to food security issues. The first group is made up of the relatively food-secure countries of Singapore and Brunei. The second group consists of Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam. In these countries, except for Vietnam, agriculture has contributed a declining share in GDP, employment, and international trade. In addition, food habits in these countries have changed dramatically in recent decades. The third group is composed of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar - economies in transition that require special attention. A simple exercise shows that the area can collectively achieve food security via trade in rice and maize. Trade facilitation measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards will reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the ASEAN member countries, intra-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small. However, integration could address this problem. Further, if integration is to be used as a venue for ensuring food security, the member countries must agree on what food security collectively means to them, and what food items are important to each of them and the region, in general, so that regional integration and cooperation under the auspices of ASEAN can be promoted.food security, ASEAN, integration

Intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria: An Assessment of Its Practice at the Local Government Level

Perhaps, an appropriate premise to commence this discourse is to embark on the clarification of the concept of intergovernmental relations because of the attendant confusion that besmeared the concept. For instance, there has been an erroneous misconception that intergovernmental relations can only be discussed only meaningfully in a federal arrangement (Ayoade, 1980). For a proper clarification of the concept, three schools of thought have developed. The first school contends that intergovernmental relations can only exist in a federal system, the second posits that intergovernmental relations can both exist within a federal structure and as well as a unitary system of government, while the third school says that intergovernmental relations could as well include international relations Bamgbose, 2008). The lesson we can learn from the above is that, intergovernmental relations exists both in the federal and unitary structures and in fact, the clamour that intergovernmental relations is only associated with the federal system should be discarded when we remember the Livingstonian definition of federalism which says that…’Federalism is not an absolute but a relative term; there is no identifiable point at which a society ceases to be unified and becomes diversified. All communities fall somewhere in a spectrum, this runs from what we may call a theoretically wholly integrated society at one extreme to a theoretically wholly diversified society at the other (Rhodes, 1983). Further still, Wright while alluding to the work of Bogdanor pointed out that other features of intergovernmental relations that set it apart from federalism included: prominence of policy (rather than mainly legal) issues, inclusion of all governmental entities-local units in addition to national-state (federal) relations, importance of officials’ attitudes and actions, regular, continuous day to day interactions among officials and, inclusion of all types of public officials- especially administrators in addition to elected officials (Wright, 1995). Intergovernmental relations (IGRs) do not just imply relationship between different government organs but involves both the citizens and governmental institutions, agencies and officials. It takes into account the said agencies and officials at various levels of the governmental operations. It is very difficult for the policy formulators to make any policy by keeping it isolated from the effect and impact of the other governmental agencies in existence at different. From the above exposition, how then can we define the concept of intergovernmental relations