A Historiometric Examination of Machiavellianism and a New Taxonomy of Leadership

Although researchers have extensively examined the relationship between charismatic leadership and Machiavellianism (Deluga, 2001; Gardner & Avolio, 1995; House & Howell, 1992), there has been a lack of investigation of Machiavellianism in relation to alternative forms of outstanding leadership. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between Machiavellianism and a new taxonomy of outstanding leadership comprised of charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic leaders. Using an historiometric approach, raters assessed Machiavellianism via the communications of 120 outstanding leaders in organizations across the domains of business, political, military, and religious institutions. Academic biographies were used to assess twelve general performance measures as well as twelve general controls and five communication specific controls. The results indicated that differing levels of Machiavellianism is evidenced across the differing leader types as well as differing leader orientation. Additionally, Machiavellianism appears negatively related to performance, though less so when type and orientation are taken into account.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline

The role of HIV-DNA testing in clinical practice

HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+T lymphocyte counts are currently the standard markers used in clinical practice for the management of HIV infection. Nowadays it is also possible to monitor the evolution of HIV infection by measuring HIV-DNA. This measurement is a useful new clinical marker mainly been used to date in experimental evaluations. HIV-DNA can be detected in lymphoid tissues and in PBMC even during powerful and prolonged antiretroviral therapy. Understanding the HIV-DNA marker, together with all the other standard markers used in clinical practice, is now essential in monitoring the progression of the infection. Furthermore, the measurement of the levels of HIV-DNA in different stages could indicate the spread of the infection reflecting the ability of antiretroviral therapy to purge reservoirs. This review highlights me importance of evaluating the HTV-DNA load which could provide an indirect estimate of the quantity of reservoirs. This is an important factor in establishing the progression of infection, sequencing therapy and predicting the failure of antiretroviral therapy at a early stage

Urolithiasis under atazanavir boosted and tenofovir therapy: a case report.J Chemother.

[No abstract available