HE 0047-1756: A new gravitationally lensed double QSO

The quasar HE 0047-1756, at z=1.67, is found to be split into two images 1.44" apart by an intervening galaxy acting as a gravitational lens. The flux ratio for the two components is roughly 3.5:1, depending slightly upon wavelength. The lensing galaxy is seen on images obtained at 800 nm and 2.1 \mu; there is also a nearby faint object which may be responsible for some shear. The spectra of the two quasar images are nearly identical, but the emission line ratio between the two components scale differently from the continuum. Moreover, the fainter component has a bluer continuum slope than the brighter one. We argue that these small differences are probably due to microlensing. There are hints of an Einstein ring emanating from the brighter image toward the fainter one.Comment: 4 pages, submitted to A&A Letter

The Double Quasar HE1104-1805: a case study for time delay determination with poorly sampled lightcurves

We present a new determination of the time delay of the gravitational lens system HE1104-1805 ('Double Hamburger') based on a previously unpublished dataset. We argue that the previously published value of dt_(A-B)=0.73 years was affected by a bias of the employed method. We determine a new value of dt_(A-B)=0.85+/-0.05 years (2 sigma confidence level), using six different techniques based on non interpolation methods in the time domain. The result demonstrates that even in the case of poorly sampled lightcurves, useful information can be obtained with regard to the time delay. The error estimates were calculated through Monte Carlo simulations. With two already existing models for the lens and using its recently determined redshift, we infer a range of values of the Hubble parameter: Ho=48+/-4 km/s Mpc^-1 (2 sigma) for a singular isothermal ellipsoid (SIE) and Ho=62+/-4 km/s Mpc^-1 (2 sigma) for a constant mass-to-light ratio plus shear model (M/L+gamma). The possibly much larger errors due to systematic uncertainties in modeling the lens potential are not included in this error estimate.Comment: 11 pages, 15 figures, accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic

Integral-field spectroscopy of the quadruple QSO HE 0435-1223: Evidence for microlensing

We present the first spatially resolved spectroscopic observations of the recently discovered quadruple QSO and gravitational lens HE0435-1223. Using the Potsdam Multi-Aperture Spectrophotometer (PMAS), we show that all four QSO components have very similar but not identical spectra. In particular, the spectral slopes of components A, B, and D are indistinguishable, implying that extinction due to dust plays no major role in the lensing galaxy. While also the emission line profiles are identical within the error bars, as expected from lensing, the equivalent widths show significant differences between components. Most likely, microlensing is responsible for this phenomenon. This is also consistent with the fact that component D, which shows the highest relative continuum level, has brightened by 0.07 mag since Dec 2001. We find that the emission line flux ratios between the components are in better agreement with simple lens models than broad band or continuum measurements, but that the discrepancies between model and data are still unacceptably large. Finally, we present a detection of the lensing galaxy, although this is close to the limits of the data. Comparing with a model galaxy spectrum, we obtain a redshift estimate of z_lens=0.44+-0.02.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Carbon-Enhanced Hyper-metal-poor Stars and the Stellar IMF at Low Metallicity

The two known ``hyper-metal-poor'' (HMP) stars, HE0107-5240 and HE1327-2326, have extremely high enhancements of the light elements C, N, and O relative to Fe and appear to represent a statistically significant excess population relative to the halo metallicity distribution extrapolated from [Fe/H] > -3. This study weighs the available evidence for and against three hypothetical origins for these stars: (1) that they formed from gas enriched by a primordial ``faint supernova'', (2) that they formed from gas enriched by core-collapse supernovae and C-rich gas ejected in rotation-driven winds from massive stars, and (3) that they formed as the low-mass secondaries in binary systems at Z ~ 10^{-5.5} Zsun and acquired their light-element enhancements from an intermediate-mass companion as it passed through an AGB phase. The observations interpreted here, especially the depletion of lithium seen in HE1327-2326, favor the binary mass-transfer hypothesis. If HE0107-5240 and HE1327-2326 formed in binary systems, the statistically significant absence of isolated and/or C-normal stars at similar [Fe/H] implies that low-mass stars could form at that metallicity, but that masses M ~< 1.4 Msun were disfavored in the IMF. This result is also explained if the abundance-derived top-heavy IMF for primordial stars persists to [Fe/H] ~ -5.5. This finding indicates that low-mass star formation was possible at extremely low metallicity, and that the typical stellar mass may have had a complex dependence on metallicity rather than a sharp transition driven solely by gas cooling.Comment: 11 pages emulateapj text including three figures, accepted for publication in ApJ v666 (Sept 2007). A companion paper to 0706.290

The QSO evolution derived from the HBQS and other complete QSO surveys

An ESO Key programme dedicated to an Homogeneous Bright QSO Survey (HBQS) has been completed. 327 QSOs (Mb<-23, 0.3<z<2.2) have been selected over 555 deg^2 with 15<B<18.75. For B<16.4 the QSO surface density turns out to be a factor 2.2 higher than what measured by the PG survey, corresponding to a surface density of 0.013+/-.006 deg^{-2}. If the Edinburgh QSO Survey is included, an overdensity of a factor 2.5 is observed, corresponding to a density of 0.016+/-0.005 deg^{-2}. In order to derive the QSO optical luminosity function (LF) we used Monte Carlo simulations that take into account of the selection criteria, photometric errors and QSO spectral slope distribution. The LF can be represented with a Pure Luminosity Evolution (L(z)\propto(1+z)^k) of a two power law both for q_0=0.5 and q_0=0.1. For q_0=0.5 k=3.26, slower than the previous Boyle's (1992) estimations of k=3.45. A flatter slope beta=-3.72 of the bright part of the LF is also required. The observed overdensity of bright QSOs is concentrated at z<0.6. It results that in the range 0.3<z<0.6 the luminosity function is flatter than observed at higher redshifts. In this redshift range, for Mb<-25, 32 QSOs are observed instead of 19 expected from our best-fit PLE model. This feature requires a luminosity dependent luminosity evolution in order to satisfactorily represent the data in the whole 0.3<z<2.2 interval.Comment: Invited talk in "Wide Field Spectroscopy" (20-24 May 1996, Athens), eds. M. Kontizas et al. 6 pages and 3 eps figures, LaTex file, uses epfs.sty and crckapb.sty (included

Time delay measurement of the lensed quasar HE1104-1805

We have measured the time delay between the two images of the gravitationally lensed quasar HE1104-1805 by combining observations made with the Wise Observatory 1m telescope and published observations of this system by Schechter et al., spanning a total of five years, from 1997 to 2002. Based on a variety of techniques, we find that the best fit time delay is -161 (+/-7)(+34 -11) days. The 68% and 95% confidence intervals include the systematic errors due to an observed component of uncorrelated variability between images. The delay is shorter than predicted by simple models and may indicate a large external shear or a large value of the Hubble parameter, h>0.75 (95% confidence). The residual light curve between the two images shows a longterm trend of ~0.04 mag/yr, presumably the result of microlensing by stars in the lens galaxy, but also short timescale (~1 month) variability with a mean amplitude of about 0.07 mag.Comment: 7 pages, ApJ, in pres

Decomposition of AGN host galaxy images

We describe an algorithm to decompose deep images of Active Galactic Nuclei into host galaxy and nuclear components. Currently supported are three galaxy models: A de-Vaucouleurs spheroidal, an exponential disc, and a two-component disc+bulge model. Key features of the method are: (semi-)analytic representation of a possibly spatially variable point-spread function; full two-dimensional convolution of the model galaxy using gradient-controlled adaptive subpixelling; multiple iteration scheme. The code is computationally efficient and versatile for a wide range of applications. The quantitative performance is measured by analysing simulated imaging data. We also present examples of the application of the method to small test samples of nearby Seyfert 1 galaxies and quasars at redshifts z < 0.35.Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

The properties of the extended warm ionised gas around low-redshift QSOs and the lack of extended high-velocity outflows

(Abridged) We present a detailed analysis of a large sample of 31 low-redshift, mostly radio-quiet type 1 QSOs observed with integral field spectroscopy to study their extended emission-line regions (EELRs). We focus on the ionisation state of the gas, size and luminosity of extended narrow line regions (ENLRs), which corresponds to those parts of the EELR dominated by ionisation from the QSO, as well as the kinematics of the ionised gas. We detect EELRs around 19 of our 31 QSOs (61%) after deblending the unresolved QSO emission and the extended host galaxy light in the integral field data. We identify 13 EELRs to be entirely ionised by the QSO radiation, 3 EELRs are composed of HII regions and 3 EELRs display signatures of both ionisation mechanisms at different locations. The typical size of the ENLR is 10kpc at a median nuclear [OIII] luminosity of log(L([OIII])/[erg/s])=42.7+-0.15. We show that the ENLR sizes are least a factor of 2 larger than determined with HST, but are consistent with those of recently reported type 2 QSOs at matching [OIII] luminosities. The ENLR of type 1 and type 2 QSOs appear to follow the same size-luminosity relation. Furthermore, we show for the first time that the ENLR size is much better correlated with the QSO continuum luminosity than with the total/nuclear [OIII] luminosity. We show that ENLR luminosity and radio luminosity are correlated, and argue that radio jets even in radio-quiet QSOs are important for shaping the properties of the ENLR. Strikingly, the kinematics of the ionised gas is quiescent and likely gravitationally driven in the majority of cases and we find only 3 objects with radial gas velocities exceeding 400km/s in specific regions of the EELR that can be associate with radio jets. In general, these are significantly lower outflow velocities and detection rates compared to starburst galaxies or radio-loud QSOs.Comment: 34 page, 22 figures (slightly degraded in resolution), 10 tables, accepted for publication in A&A, minor corrections to match with the publisher versio

The low-metallicity QSO HE 2158-0107: A massive galaxy growing by the accretion of nearly pristine gas from its environment?

[abridged] The metallicities of AGN are usually well above solar in their NLR, often reaching up to several times solar in their broad-line regions. Low-metallicity AGN are rare objects which have so far always been associated with low-mass galaxies hosting low-mass BHs (M_BH<10^6Msun). In this paper we present IFS data of the low-redshift QSO HE 2158-0107 for which we find strong evidence for sub-solar NLR metallicities associated with a massive BH (M_BH~3x10^8Msun). The QSO is surrounded by a large extended emission-line region reaching out to 30kpc from the QSO in a tail-like geometry. We present optical and near-IR images and investigate the properties of the host galaxy. The SED of the host is rather blue, indicative of a significant young age stellar population formed within the last 1Gyr. A 3sigma upper limit of L_bulge<4.5x10^10Lsun for the H band luminosity and a corresponding stellar mass upper limit of M_bulge<3.4x10^10Msun show that the host is offset from the local BH-bulge relations. This is independently supported by the kinematics of the gas. Although the stellar mass of the host galaxy is lower than expected, it cannot explain the exceptionally low metallicity of the gas. We suggest that the extended emission-line region and the galaxy growth are caused by the infall of nearly pristine gas from the environment of the QSO host. Minor mergers of dwarf galaxies or the theoretically predicted smooth accretion of cold gas are both potential drivers behind that process. Since the metallicity of the gas in the NLR is much lower than expected, we suspect that the external gas has already reached the galaxy centre and may even contribute to the current feeding of the BH. HE 2158-0107 appears to represent a particular phase of substantial BH and galaxy growth that can be observationally linked with the accretion of external material from its environment.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&