The Kidney: A Designed System for Plasma Homeostasis

The kidney is an excellent biochemical model showing design in nature. Design implies a designer. The development of the kidney follows a very precise pattern and time schedule. The anatomy and physiology of the kidney and the entire urinary system are complex and precise. This is true when regarding the urinary system alone; and also, in studying its relationship to other systems. The urinary system is tied in with the circulatory and nervous systems In very unique fashion. Each part Is carefully integrated Into the whole system to form a homeostatic control network that operates efficiently in a large number of metabolic states. Each section of the urinary system is specific, yet completely dependent on other sections. Three separate mechanisms are involved in forming the end product, urine. These are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration takes place in the glomerulus. Reabsorption and secretion occur in the tubules. The circulatory system of the kidney is unique. The capillaries in the glomerulus are more porous than capillaries elsewhere In the body. The medulla contains a specialized capillary network which forms a countercurrent mechanism along with a hairpin design. This arrangement is not found elsewhere in the body, or in any organisms except mammals and birds. This countercurrent system creates a concentration gradient which enables the production of a concentrated end product while preserving necessary ions for the body. Mechanisms within the kidney enable it to modify its function; yet function is also sensitive to hormone and neurological input. In this way, the kidney is sensitive to needs and changes throughout the entire organism. Biochemical engineers create artificial models to take the place of diseased kidneys. These models require the input of intelligence and design, yet fall short of the precision of the natural model. Therefore, I conclude that the kidney was designed by a superintelligence beyond the scope of nature

The SiC problem: astronomical and meteoritic evidence

Pre-solar grains of silicon carbide found in meteorites and interpreted as having had an origin around carbon stars from their isotopic composition, have all been found to be of the beta-SiC polytype. Yet to date fits to the 11.3 microns SiC emission band of carbon stars had been obtained only for alpha-SiC grains. We present thin film infrared (IR) absorption spectra measured in a diamond anvil cell for both the alpha- and beta- polymorphs of synthetic SiC and compare the results with previously published spectra taken using the KBr matrix method. We find that our thin film spectra have positions nearly identical to those obtained previously from finely ground samples in KBr. Hence, we show that this discrepancy has arisen from inappropriate `KBr corrections' having been made to laboratory spectra of SiC particles dispersed in KBr matrices. We re-fit a sample of carbon star mid-IR spectra, using laboratory data with no KBr correction applied, and show that beta-SiC grains fit the observations, while alpha-SiC grains do not. The discrepancy between meteoritic and astronomical identifications of the SiC-type is therefore removed. This work shows that the diamond anvil cell thin film method can be used to produce mineral spectra applicable to cosmic environments without further manipulation.Comment: to be published in Astrophysical Journal Letter 4 pages, 3 figure

Pain and the Adam Bomb

Pain is an inescapable part of life. The Creationism paradigm, must include an understanding of the Adam Bomb of pain. Pain perception is a created sensory attribute. The nervous system evinces supernatural design with a complex structure and function. An irreducible, complex relationship exists between the nervous system and the other tissues and organs in the body. The sensory pathways of pain, with all the attributes of the nervous system, are unique. God endowed humans with pain perception so they might enjoy life in a universe with electrical, magnetic, heat and gravitational energies. Even though the natural forces in the universe are gradually decaying, God-created controls can offset the chaos caused by pain. Humanity causes much of its own pain and sorrow by its foolish ideas, selfishness, greed, and lack of self-control. The Bible contains many words for pain. The Hebrew word, atsab, found in the first chapters of Genesis, depicts grief and sorrow. The Book of Genesis relates many human-to-human and God-to-human relationships. Bible study reveals that the original Adam Bomb was an awareness of mankind\u27s conflict with God, inspired by selfish motives and severing the relationship between humans and God. All humans create Adam Bombs by their failure to understand their human nature and their value to God, and their failure to seek a relationship with God

On the hyperbolicity and causality of the relativistic Euler system under the kinetic equation of state

We show that a pair of conjectures raised in [11] concerning the construction of normal solutions to the relativistic Boltzmann equation are valid. This ensures that the results in [11] hold for any range of positive temperatures and that the relativistic Euler system under the kinetic equation of state is hyperbolic and the speed of sound cannot overcome $c/\sqrt{3}$.Comment: 6 pages. Abridged version; full version to appear in Commun. Pure Appl. Ana

Irreversible effects of memory

The steady state of a Langevin equation with short ranged memory and coloured noise is analyzed. When the fluctuation-dissipation theorem of second kind is not satisfied, the dynamics is irreversible, i.e. detailed balance is violated. We show that the entropy production rate for this system should include the power injected by ``memory forces''. With this additional contribution, the Fluctuation Relation is fairly verified in simulations. Both dynamics with inertia and overdamped dynamics yield the same expression for this additional power. The role of ``memory forces'' within the fluctuation-dissipation relation of first kind is also discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, publishe

Effective temperatures of a heated Brownian particle

We investigate various possible definitions of an effective temperature for a particularly simple nonequilibrium stationary system, namely a heated Brownian particle suspended in a fluid. The effective temperature based on the fluctuation dissipation ratio depends on the time scale under consideration, so that a simple Langevin description of the heated particle is impossible. The short and long time limits of this effective temperature are shown to be consistent with the temperatures estimated from the kinetic energy and Einstein relation, respectively. The fluctuation theorem provides still another definition of the temperature, which is shown to coincide with the short time value of the fluctuation dissipation ratio

Thermodynamics of a Colloidal Particle in a Time-Dependent Non-Harmonic Potential

We study the motion of an overdamped colloidal particle in a time-dependent non-harmonic potential. We demonstrate the first law-like balance between applied work, exchanged heat, and internal energy on the level of a single trajectory. The observed distribution of applied work is distinctly non-Gaussian in good agreement with numerical calculations. Both the Jarzynski relation and a detailed fluctuation theorem are verified with good accuracy

Inverse condensation of adsorbed molecules with two conformations

Conventional gas-liquid phase transitions feature a coexistence line that has a monotonic and positive slope in line with our intuition that cooling always leads to condensation. Here we study the inverse phenomenon, condensation of adsorbed organic molecules into dense domains upon heating. Our considerations are motivated by recent experiments [Aeschlimann et al., Angew. Chem. (2021)], which demonstrate the partial dissolution of an ordered molecular monolayer and the mobilization of molecules upon cooling. We introduce a simple lattice model in which each site can have three states corresponding to unoccupied and two discernible molecular conformations. We investigate this model through Monte Carlo simulations, mean-field theory, and exact results based on the analytical solution of the Ising model in two dimensions. Our results should be broadly applicable to molecules with distinct conformations that have sufficiently different entropies or heat capacities

Tagged particle in a sheared suspension: effective temperature determines density distribution in a slowly varying external potential beyond linear response

We consider a sheared colloidal suspension under the influence of an external potential that varies slowly in space in the plane perpendicular to the flow and acts on one selected (tagged) particle of the suspension. Using a Chapman-Enskog type expansion we derive a steady state equation for the tagged particle density distribution. We show that for potentials varying along one direction only, the tagged particle distribution is the same as the equilibrium distribution with the temperature equal to the effective temperature obtained from the violation of the Einstein relation between the self-diffusion and tagged particle mobility coefficients. We thus prove the usefulness of this effective temperature for the description of the tagged particle behavior beyond the realm of linear response. We illustrate our theoretical predictions with Brownian dynamics computer simulations.Comment: Accepted for publication in Europhys. Let