536 research outputs found
On the Nature and Importance of Cultural Tightness-Looseness
Cross-cultural research is dominated by the use of values despite their mixed empirical support and their limited theoretical scope. This article expands the dominant paradigm in crosscultural research by developing a theory of cultural tightness-looseness, the strength of social norms and degree of sanctioning within societies, and advancing a multilevel research agenda for future research. Through an exploration of the top-down, bottom-up, and moderating impact that societal tightness-looseness has on individuals and organizations, as well as on variability across levels of analysis, the theory provides a new and complementary perspective to the values approach
Energyâs Role in the Extraversion (Dis)advantage: How Energy Ties and Task Conflict Help Clarify the Relationship Between Extraversion and Proactive Performance
While academic and practitioner literatures have proposed that extraverts are at an advantage in team-based work, it remains unclear exactly what that advantage might be, how extraverts attain such an advantage, and under which conditions. Theory highlighting the importance of energy in the coordination of team efforts helps to answer these questions. We propose that extraverted individuals are able to develop more energizing relationships with their teammates and as a result are seen as proactively contributing to their team. However, problems in coordination (i.e., team task conflict) can reverse this extraversion advantage. We studied 27 project-based teams at their formation, peak performance, and after disbandment. Results suggest that when team task conflict is low, extraverts energize their teammates and are viewed by others as proactively contributing to the team. However, when team task conflict is high, extraverts develop energizing relationships with fewer of their teammates and are not viewed as proactively contributing to the team. Our findings regarding energizing relationships and team task conflict clarify why extraversion is related to proactive performance and in what way, how, and when extraverts may be at a (dis)advantage in team-based work
Negotiating Relationally: The Dynamics of the Relational Self In Negotiations
Although negotiation research is thriving, it has been criticized as having an arelational biasâemphasizing autonomy, competition, and rationality over interdependence, cooperation, and relationality. In this article, we advance a new model of relationality in negotiation. Drawing on research in social psychology, we describe the construct of relational self-construals (RSC) and present a temporal model of RSC and negotiation. After delineating the conditions through which RSC becomes accessible in negotiation and conditions that inhibit its use, we discuss how RSC affects negotiators\u27 pre-negotiation psychological states, early and later tactics, and negotiation outcomes. We illustrate a number of distinct relational dynamics that can occur based on the dyadic composition of RSC, each of which brings distinct benefits and costs to the negotiation table. Implications for the science and practice of negotiation are discussed
Once, Twice, or Three Times as Harmful? Ethnic Harassment, Gender Harassment, and Generalized Workplace Harassment
Despite scholarsâ and practitionersâ recognition that different forms of workplace harassment often co-occur in organizations, there is a paucity of theory and research on how these different forms of harassment combine to influence employeesâ outcomes. We investigated the ways in which ethnic harassment (EH), gender harassment (GH), and generalized workplace harassment (GWH) combined to predict target individualsâ job-related, psychological, and health outcomes. Competing theories regarding additive, exacerbating, and inuring (i.e., habituating to hardships) combinations were tested. We also examined race and gender differences in employeesâ reports of EH, GH, and GWH. The results of two studies revealed that EH, GH, and GWH were each independently associated with targetsâ strain outcomes and, collectively, the preponderance of evidence supported the inurement effect, although slight additive effects were observed for psychological and physical health outcomes. Racial group differences in EH emerged, but gender and race differences in GH and GWH did not. Implications are provided for how multiple aversive experiences at work may harm employeesâ well-being
Large bandwidth, highly efficient optical gratings through high index materials
We analyze the diffraction characteristics of dielectric gratings that
feature a high index grating layer, and devise, through rigorous numerical
calculations, large bandwidth, highly efficient, high dispersion dielectric
gratings in reflection, transmission, and immersed transmission geometry. A
dielectric TIR grating is suggested, whose -1dB spectral bandwidth is doubled
as compared to its all-glass equivalent. The short wavelength diffraction
efficiency is additionally improved by allowing for slanted lamella. The
grating surpasses a blazed gold grating over the full octave. An immersed
transmission grating is devised, whose -1dB bandwidth is tripled as compared to
its all-glass equivalent, and that surpasses an equivalent classical
transmission grating over nearly the full octave. A transmission grating in the
classical scattering geometry is suggested, that features a buried high index
layer. This grating provides effectively 100% diffraction efficiency at its
design wavelegth, and surpasses an equivalent fused silica grating over the
full octave.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figure
Culture and Egocentric Perceptions of Fairness in Conflict and Negotiation
In this article, the authors advanced a cultural view of judgment biases in conflict and negotiation. The authors predicted that disputantsâ self-serving biases of fairness would be more prevalent in individualistic cultures, such as the United States, in which the self is served by focusing on oneâs positive attributes to âstand outâ and be better than others, yet would be attenuated in collectivistic cultures, such as Japan, where the self is served by focusing on oneâs negative characteristics to âblend inâ (S. J. Heine, D. R. Lehman, H. R. Markus, & S. Kitayama, 1999). Four studies that used different methodologies (free recall, scenarios, and a laboratory experiment) supported this notion. Implications for the science and practice of negotiation are discussed
Lessons from a Minimal Genome: What Are the Essential Organizing Principles of a Cell Built from Scratch?
One of the primary challenges facing synthetic biology is reconstituting a living system from its component parts. A particularly difficult landmark is reconstituting a selfâorganizing system that can undergo autonomous chromosome compaction, segregation, and cell division. Here, we discuss how the syn3.0 minimal genome can inform us of the core selfâorganizing principles of a living cell and how these selfâorganizing processes can be built from the bottom up. The review underscores the importance of fundamental biology in rebuilding life from its molecular constituents.A primary challenge in synthetic biology is reconstituting selfâorganizing systems that can undergo autonomous chromosome compaction, segregation, and cell division. Here, we discuss how the syn3.0 minimal genome sheds light on the core selfâorganizing principles of living cells and how these selfâorganizing processes can be built from the bottom up.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152011/1/cbic201900249.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152011/2/cbic201900249_am.pd
Hierarchical multi-class segmentation of glioma images using networks with multi-level activation function
For many segmentation tasks, especially for the biomedical image, the
topological prior is vital information which is useful to exploit. The
containment/nesting is a typical inter-class geometric relationship. In the
MICCAI Brain tumor segmentation challenge, with its three hierarchically nested
classes 'whole tumor', 'tumor core', 'active tumor', the nested classes
relationship is introduced into the 3D-residual-Unet architecture. The network
comprises a context aggregation pathway and a localization pathway, which
encodes increasingly abstract representation of the input as going deeper into
the network, and then recombines these representations with shallower features
to precisely localize the interest domain via a localization path. The
nested-class-prior is combined by proposing the multi-class activation function
and its corresponding loss function. The model is trained on the training
dataset of Brats2018, and 20% of the dataset is regarded as the validation
dataset to determine parameters. When the parameters are fixed, we retrain the
model on the whole training dataset. The performance achieved on the validation
leaderboard is 86%, 77% and 72% Dice scores for the whole tumor, enhancing
tumor and tumor core classes without relying on ensembles or complicated
post-processing steps. Based on the same start-of-the-art network architecture,
the accuracy of nested-class (enhancing tumor) is reasonably improved from 69%
to 72% compared with the traditional Softmax-based method which blind to
topological prior.Comment: 12pages first versio
Biogeographic history of the pantropical family Gesneriaceae with a focus on the Indian plate and diversification through the Old World
The Gesneriaceae consists of around 150 genera and c. 3750 species with a predominantly tropical and subtropical distribution across all continents. Although previous studies have proposed an American origin of Gesneriaceae, the biogeographic history of this pantropical plant family is still unclear, particularly in the Old World. To address this, we assembled the most comprehensively sampled matrix of Gesneriaceae with 143 Gesneriaceae genera and 355 species, including key samples from Sri Lanka analysed here for the first time. We generated molecular phylogenies based on four plastid gene regions (ndhF, matK, rps16 and trnL-F), obtained fossil-calibrated trees, and reconstructed ancestral areas and dispersal routes using Bayesian methods. Our results confirm the origin for the family in the Early Palaeocene (67. Ma) in the region of present-day Central America & Andean South America, and that diversity in the Old World originated from a long-distance dispersal event from South America around 59 Ma, most likely to the Indian plate, which was an island at the time. This lineage then dispersed to Malesia and later East Asia, which would ultimately become a major centre of diversity and source of many dispersals to other regions. Our results thus highlight the Indian plate as a likely key player in the early diversification of Old World Gesneriaceae, even though it is now more diverse elsewhere, and hence offer novel insights into this plant familyâs dispersal routes and areas of diversification in the Old World
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