Influence of faba bean and peas combination on per­for­man­ce parameters of broilers

Influence of two varieties of peas and faba bean on performance was observed in grow experiment. Varieties of legumes were different in antinutritive factors levels. ZEKON (peas) and MISTRAL (faba bean) are low tannin varieties, GOTIK (peas) and MERKUR (faba bean) are traditional varieties with high level of antinutritive substances. Experiment was finished in 40 days of age. There were used 900 broilers allotted to 9 groups (100 animals in group). Peas and faba bean was dose to feed mixture on level adequate to 30 g of crude protein per kilogram of feed mixture, the rest of crude protein needed in feed mixture was covered by soya bean meal. The best results in final weight achieved group with GOTIK (2476.7 ± 270.8 g), the second was group ZEKON (2456.7 ± 247.2 g), than MISTRAL in combination with peas (2454.7 ± 268.5 g), MERKUR (2416.9 ± 266.1 g), ZEKON in combination with faba bean (2410,7 ± 297.8 g) and MISTRAL group achieved 2405.6 ± 336.4 g of final weight. The rest of groups was belong 2400 g of body weight: control group 2370.1 ± 249.2 g, GOTIK in combination with peas 2302.9 ± 253.1 g and the worst result had group MERKUR in combination with peas (2258.8 ± 259.4 g). The differences were significant

Chemical, physical and technological properties of milk as affected by the mycotoxin load of dairy herds

The aim of the study was to determine the impacts of different levels of mycotoxin load of Czech dairy herds on the larger scale of the milk indicators including milk physical and technological properties. During three subsequent years individual milk samples (IMSs) were collected from four herds of Czech Fleckvieh (C) and from four herds of Holstein cows (H). The IMSs were collected regularly twice in summer and twice in winter, resulting in a total of 936 IMSs. The feeding rations consisted mainly of conserved roughage and supplemental mixtures according to milk yield and standard demands. Samples of feedstuffs were collected at the same time as IMSs and were analysed for content of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxin (AFL), and T-2 toxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Based on the mycotoxin load, herds were divided into three groups – Load 1 (negligible, <i>n</i> =  36), Load 2 (low, <i>n</i> =  192), and Load 3 (medium, <i>n</i> =  708). All feedstuff samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin. The most frequently occurring mycotoxins were FUM, DON, and ZEA. Relatively high incidence of AFL (56 % positive samples) was observed. The following milk indicators were influenced by the mycotoxin load of herds: fat, acetone (Ac), log Ac, pH, electric conductivity, alcohol stability, curds quality, curd firmness, whey volume, whey protein, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), urea N in NPN, fat ∕ crude protein ratio, and casein numbers on crude and true protein basis, respectively (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). The overall level of mycotoxin load was relatively low, with no clear effect on milk characteristics

The effect of cattle breed, season and type of diet on the fatty acid profile of raw milk

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of cow breed, season and type of diet on the fatty acid (FA) profile of raw milk. A 2-year study was conducted on bulk milk samples collected from eight herds consisting of Czech Fleckvieh (CF, four herds) and Holstein (H, four herds) breeds. One half of the herds of each breed was grazed (G), while the other half was not (N). Samples were collected twice in winter (W) and twice in summer (S). Milk yield in CF (5385.50 kg) was lower than in H (7015.15 kg, <i>P</i> &lt;  0.05). The effect of breed was found in odd-chain, branch-chain and hypercholesterolemic FAs (<i>P</i> &lt;  0.05). The content of fat was lower in summer (S) than in winter (W), being 3.71 and 3.91 g 100 g⁻¹, respectively (<i>P</i> &lt;  0.05). The proportion of saturated and polyunsaturated FAs was lower in S than in W (<i>P</i> &lt;  0.05). The content of monounsaturated FAs was higher in S (30.69 g 100 g⁻¹) than in W (27.72 g 100 g⁻¹, <i>P</i> &lt;  0.05). Milk yield in grazing herds (G, 5197.50 kg) was lower (<i>P</i> &lt;  0.05) than in non-grazing herds (N, 7203.75 kg). The sum of saturated and hypercholesterolemic FAs was lower and the sum of monounsaturated and odd-chain FAs was higher in G than in N (<i>P</i> &lt;  0.05). Content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and C18:3n3 was higher in G (0.93 and 0.64 g 100 g⁻¹) than in N (0.42 and 0.39 g 100 g⁻¹, respectively, <i>P</i> &lt;  0.001)

Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) temperature evolution and biotic response in the Adriatic Carbonate Platform region of Friuli, northeast Italy

Climate modelling and palaeotemperature reconstructions derived from several proxies (TEX86, δ18O) suggest that the Late Cretaceous was one of the warmest intervals in Earth history. The greenhouse climate reached its acme near the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (CTB) interval with sea surface temperatures over 35 ◦C in low and mid- palaeolatitudes, coinciding with the highest sea level stands of the Phanerozoic. Following this warming phase, a general cooling trend punctuated by short-term hot snaps characterized the rest of the Cretaceous. Palaeotemperature and palaeoenvironmental changes are well documented in deep-water carbonate deposits based on variations in geochemical proxies and distribution patterns of macro- and microfauna. However, such climatic and environmental fluctuations severely impacted carbonate platforms, sedimentary environments that are particularly sensitive to external perturbations. Palaeontological data show major changes within the main carbonate platform producers (rudists and benthic foraminifera) during the early Late Cretaceous. Both groups experienced major taxonomic turnovers at the CTB, followed by a further re-radiation in the middle/late Turonian. The lack of detailed palaeoclimatic reconstructions in shallow water carbonate succession hampers the possibility to investigate a possible causal relationship between temperature changes and faunal evolution. In this paper, we report integrated geochemical, sedimentological, and palaeontological data from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform (Friuli, north-east Italy). Benthic foraminifera biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy (δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr) were used to precisely constrain the stratigraphy of the late Cenomanian-middle Turonian interval. δ18O analysis on both well-preserved rudist shells and bulk rock samples enabled the construction of high-resolution palaeotemperature curves. The resulting temperature trends are comparable with those from the deep-water record across the late Cenomanian-Turonian interval. The warmest phase was in the Early Turonian with sea surface palaeotemperatures as high as 41–45 ◦C recorded in rudist shells. Data show temperature fluctuation from the late Cenomanian to the Early Turonian with a magnitude &gt;7 ◦C. Benthic foraminifera and rudist evolution responded to these palaeotemperature fluctuations, and their decline in the late Cenomanian and full recovery in the Turonian suggest a strong link with temperature changes