Intersensor Calibration Between F13 SSMI and F17 SSMIS for Global Sea Ice Data Records

An intercalibration between F13 Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) and F17 Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) sea ice extents and areas for a full year of overlap was undertaken preparatory to extending the 1979-2007 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) NASA Team algorithm time series of global sea ice extents and areas. The 1979- 2007 time series was created from Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and SSMI data. After intercalibration, the yearly mean F17 and F13 difference in Northern Hemisphere sea ice extents is -0.0156%, with a standard deviation of the differences of 0.6204%, and the yearly mean difference in Northern Hemisphere sea ice areas is 0.5433%, with a standard deviation of 0.3519%. For the Southern Hemisphere, the yearly mean difference in sea ice extents is 0.0304% +/- 0.4880%, and the mean difference in sea ice areas is 0.1550% +/- 0.3753%. This F13/F17 intercalibration enables the extension of the 28-year 1979-2007 SMMR/SSMI sea ice time series for as long as there are stable F17 SSMIS brightness temperatures available

Testiranje spojnog smicanja dubokih okluzalnih kompozitnih restauracija postavljenih preko podloge od Dycal, Dycal LC, konvencionalnog ili smolom modifikovanog glas-jonomer cementa

Background/Aim. The longevity of a dental restoration may be predicted to some degree by its adhesive ability, and this, in turn, can be measured by bond strength testing between restorative materials and tooth structure. The aim of this study was to test an innovative joggle lap shearing jig that integrates the tooth and the entire biomechanical unit into testing, to compare the shear bond strengths of Class I occlusal composite restorations in deep cavity preparations lined with Dycal, Dycal LC, conventional glass ionomer or resin-modified glass ionomer. The mode of failure (adhesive, cohesive, mixed) after debonding was determined by stereomicroscopy. Methods. A total of 150 standardized occlusal cavities were prepared and divided into five groups. The group I cavities (n = 30) were coated with adhesive (ExciTE®F) and filled directly with composite (TetricEvoCeram). The group II and III cavities were lined with Dycal (n = 30) or Dycal LC (n = 30) before placing composite. The groups IV and V specimens were based with Fuji IX (n = 30) or Fuji II LC (n = 30). Shear bond strengths were determined with a universal testing machine and fractured bonding sites were analyzed under stereomicroscope. The mean bond strengths were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test (p lt 0.05) and the means between the groups were analyzed with Student's t-test. Results. The shear bond strength (MPa) of composite restorations in cavities without base (23.91 ± 4.54) was higher than cavities lined with Fuji II LC (17.45 ± 2.74), Fuji IX (8.76 ± 2.57), Dycal LC (13.07 ± 1.84) or Dycal (6.12 ± 1.28). The results using the jogged lap shearing jig were consistent with the literature. Conclusion. The shear bond strength of occlusal composite restorations in deep cavities without liners was greater than cavities lined with Fuji II LC > Fuji IX > Dycal LC > Dycal.Uvod/Cilj. Trajnost zubnih nadoknada može se donekle predvideti vstom adhezivne sposobnosti materijala i može se meriti testiranjem snage adhezije restorativnih materijala i zubnih struktura. Cilj ove studije bio je da se da se testira preklapanje spoja koji povezuje zub i biomehaničku jedinicu i da se uporedi jačina veze okluzalnih kompozitnih ispuna postavljenih u duboke kavitete preko podloge od Dycal, Dycal LC, konvencionalnog ili smolom-modifikovanog glas-jonomer cementa. Metode. Ukupno 150 standardizovanih okluzalnih kaviteta bilo je podeljeno u pet grupa (n = 30): I - kaviteti premazani adhezivom (ExciTE®F) i direktno ispunjeni kompozitom (TetricEvoCeram); II i III - kaviteti sa podlogom od Dycal ili Dycal LC pre postavljanja kompozitnog materijala; IV i V - uzorci sa bazom od Fuji IX ili Fuji II LC (n = 30). Jačina vezivne snage određena je pomoću univerzalne mašine, a način neuspeha (adhezivna, kohezivna, mešovita fraktura) određen je stereomikroskopom. Srednje vrednosti su analizirane pomoću ANOVA testa (p lt 0,05), a značajnost razlika između grupa analizirana je Student-ovim t-testom. Rezultati. Jačina vezivne snage (MPa) kompozitnih ispuna u kavitetima bez podloge (23,91 ± 4,54) bila je veća u poređenju sa ispunima postavljenim preko Fuji II LC (17,45 ± 2,74), Fuji IX (8,76 ± 2,57), Dycal LC (13,07 ± 1,84) ili Dycal (6.12 ± 1.28). Zaključak. Smicanje ili pomaknuće okluzalnih kompozitnih ispuna u dubokim kavitetima bez lajnera je veće nego u kavitetima postavljenim preko Fuji II LC > Fuji IX > Dycal LC > Dycal

Sedimentação da Lagoa Itapeva, RS, Brasil

Hydrodynamic factors that control sedimentation in the Itapeva Lake were assessed on the granulometric distribution map generated by the Pejrup’s diagram and by the analysis of the hydrodynamic action, which results from the waves in the lacustrine body. The texture patterns of bottom samples showed that there is significant hydrodynamic energy in the sedimentation process: the sand fraction prevails in the submerged margins whereas grain size decreases, from coarse silt to fine silt, moved towards the center. The content of organic matter also shows this pattern, with a steady increase in the central area of the lacustrine body and near the mouths of the Três Forquilhas and Cardoso rivers. The main processes that determine sedimentation are mainly controlled by the amount of fluvial sediment, which is redistributed by the action of waves and currents resulting from the action of winds. The concentration of clay-sized grains is not very significant not only because there is low input by the rivers, but also because the wave agitation avoid this granulometric class from depositing on the lacustrine bottom. Fine sediment in the deepest spots and in the most sheltered areas shows the influence of less effective currents that enable deposition in these areas.Os fatores hidrodinâmicos que controlam a sedimentação na Lagoa Itapeva foram avaliados através do mapa de distribuição granulométrica gerado a partir do diagrama de Pejrup e da análise da ação hidrodinâmica induzida pelas ondas no corpo lacustre. Os padrões texturais das amostras de fundo indicaram a presença de significativa energia hidrodinâmica atuante no processo de sedimentação, com predomínio da fração arenosa nas margens submersas e granodecrescência para tamanhos silte grosso a fino em direção ao centro. O teor de matéria orgânica também apresenta este padrão, com aumento gradativo na área central do corpo lacustre e nas proximidades das desembocaduras dos rios Três Forquilhas e Cardoso. Os principais processos que condicionam a sedimentação na lagoa são controlados pelo aporte de sedimentos fluviais, redistribuídos pela ação das ondas e correntes induzidas pela ação dos ventos. A concentração de grãos tamanho argila é pouco significativa, devido à baixa inserção pelos rios, além da agitação gerada por ondas sobre o piso lacustre, que dificulta a deposição desta classe granulométrica. A presença de sedimentos finos nos locais mais profundos e nas áreas mais abrigadas indica a influência de correntes menos efetivas, permitindo a deposição nestes locais

Geocronologia com 210Pb na avaliação das taxas de sedimentação e da dinâmica deposicional na Lagoa Itapeva, sul do Brasil

As a result of anthropogenic activities, coastal lakes are potentially threatened by increased sedimentation rates and relative sea-level increases. The present study analyzed the sedimentary-filling conditions of Itapeva Lake by using the 210Pb geochronology method, which is based on 210Pb and 226Ra activity values obtained from three sediment cores. Measurements of sedimentation rates in the core C3 indicate a strong influence of the drainage of the Três Forquilhas River with values of approximately 3.2 mm.a-1. The sampling points in the center (C2) and north (C1) exhibited significantly lower values of 2.4 and 2.9 mm.a-1, respectively. These values are lower than the rates of relative sea-level increase, which indicate a transitional scenario between the stabilization and sedimentary deficit in the lacustrine burial process. The particle size analysis in the core samples indicates the presence of significant hydrodynamic energy in the sedimentation. The silt fraction is the dominant class, with variations in size ranging from medium to coarse in all samples, followed by the occurrence of fraction sand in relation to clay which presented low concentration, not over 9%. However, an increase in mud content has been observed in the core C3 over the last several decades, which suggests changes in the drainage basin of the Três Forquilhas River due to an increase in sediment production. Urbanization and the introduction of agriculture within the last century are the main reasons for this behaviorLagoas costeiras são ambientes potencialmente ameaçados pelo aumento recente das taxas de sedimentação e elevação relativa do nível do mar. Neste trabalho foram analisadas as condições de preenchimento sedimentar da Lagoa Itapeva utilizando o método geocronológico 210Pb, a partir dos valores da atividade do 210Pb e 226Ra obtidos de três testemunhos geológicos. As taxas de sedimentação medidas no testemunho C3 indicam forte influência da drenagem do Rio Três Forquilhas, com valores na ordem de 3,2 mm.a-1. Os pontos de coleta no centro C2 e norte C1 apresentaram valores sensivelmente menores, 2,4 e 2,9 mm.a-1, respectivamente. Tais valores mostram-se inferiores as taxas de elevação relativa do nível do mar, indicando um cenário transicional entre a estabilização e o déficit sedimentar no processo de preenchimento lacustre. A análise granulométrica nos testemunhos indica a presença de significativa energia hidrodinâmica no processo de sedimentação. A fração silte é a classe dominante, com variação entre o tamanho médio a grosso em todas as amostras, seguida pela ocorrência da fração areia em relação à argila que apresentou baixa concentração, não ultrapassando 9%. Entretanto, foi verificado no testemunho C3 um aumento do teor de lamas nas últimas décadas, o que sugere modificações na bacia de drenagem do Rio Três Forquilhas pelo aumento na produção de sedimentos. A urbanização e a introdução da agricultura no último século são as principais variáveis que explicam este comportamento

A Comparison of Snow Depth on Sea Ice Retrievals Using Airborne Altimeters and an AMSR-E Simulator

A comparison of snow depths on sea ice was made using airborne altimeters and an Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) simulator. The data were collected during the March 2006 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Arctic field campaign utilizing the NASA P-3B aircraft. The campaign consisted of an initial series of coordinated surface and aircraft measurements over Elson Lagoon, Alaska and adjacent seas followed by a series of large-scale (100 km ? 50 km) coordinated aircraft and AMSR-E snow depth measurements over portions of the Chukchi and Beaufort seas. This paper focuses on the latter part of the campaign. The P-3B aircraft carried the University of Colorado Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR-A), the NASA Wallops Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) lidar altimeter, and the University of Kansas Delay-Doppler (D2P) radar altimeter. The PSR-A was used as an AMSR-E simulator, whereas the ATM and D2P altimeters were used in combination to provide an independent estimate of snow depth. Results of a comparison between the altimeter-derived snow depths and the equivalent AMSR-E snow depths using PSR-A brightness temperatures calibrated relative to AMSR-E are presented. Data collected over a frozen coastal polynya were used to intercalibrate the ATM and D2P altimeters before estimating an altimeter snow depth. Results show that the mean difference between the PSR and altimeter snow depths is -2.4 cm (PSR minus altimeter) with a standard deviation of 7.7 cm. The RMS difference is 8.0 cm. The overall correlation between the two snow depth data sets is 0.59