Anreicherung atmosphärischer Depositionen von Metallen und Stickstoff in Moosen Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns von 1990 bis 2005. [Accumulation of atmospheric deposition of metals and nitrogen in mosses Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1990 to 2005]

Background, aim and scope Since 1990 the UN ECE Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys provide data inventories of the atmospheric heavy metal bioaccumulation across Europe. In the survey 2005 the nitrogen accumulation was measured for the first time in most of the participating countries. In Germany, the surveys were conducted in close cooperation of the relevant authorities of both the Federal Republic and the sixteen states. Therefore, statistical evaluations of the moss survey data with regard to the whole German territory and single federal states are of interest. This article concentrates on Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, dealing with the mapping of the spatiotemporal trends of metal accumulation from 1990 to 2005, the spatial patterns of nitrogen accumulation in 2005, and the spatial variability of bioaccumulation due to characteristics of the sampling sites and their surroundings. Materials and methods The bioaccumulation of up to 40 trace elements in mosses was determined according to a Europe-wide harmonised methodology. The according experimental protocol regulates the selection of sampling sites and moss species, the chemical analysis and quality control and the classification of the measured values for mapping spatial patterns. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania all sampling sites were described with regard to topographical and ecological characteristics and several criteria to be fulfilled according to the guideline. Together with the measurements this metadata was combined with other information regarding land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites in the WebGIS MossMet. The spatial structure of the metal bioaccumulation was analysed and modelled by variogram analyses and then mapped by applying different kriging techniques. Furthermore, multi metal indices (MMI) were derived for both the sampling sites and raster maps with help of percentile statistics: The MMI1990–2005 was calculated for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The statistical association of the metal bioaccumulation, site specific characteristics as well as information on land use and emissions was analysed by bivariate nonparametric correlation analysis, contingency tables and Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID). Results The results of the quality controlled chemical analyses show a significant decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany from 1990 to 2000 for all elements. However, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania the concentrations of Cr and Zn are even significantly higher than those found in 1990. From 2000 to 2005 a further non-significant increase can be stated for As, Cu, Ni and Ti. The concentrations of Cd and Pb decreased significantly throughout all four surveys. The MMI illustrates the temporal trend of the metal bioaccumulation as a whole: After a significant decrease from 1990 to 2000 it increased significantly till 2005. The N concentration in mosses in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania reaches from 1.3 to 2.3 % in dry mass and is negatively correlated with the forest ratio in the surroundings of the moss sampling sites and to the same degree positively correlated with the area ratio of agricultural land uses. Except for Cd, Pb and Sb all metal concentrations in the mosses are negatively correlated with the forest ratio around the sampling sites. With the exception of Cr all metal concentrations are further negatively correlated with the precipitation sums of the accumulation periods. Only the Cu and Zn concentrations show no or rather a negative correlation with the tree height whereas all other elements exhibit positive correlations. Furthermore, all elements except Cr are significantly associated to the sampled moss species, the growth pattern and the frequency of occurrence of the mosses at the respective sampling sites. Exemplified for Cu multivariate correlations were furthermore detected by CHAID. It could be shown that the frequency of the mosses, the sampled moss species, the distance to motorways and the distance to the Baltic Sea are the statistically most significant boundary conditions of the Cu concentrations in the mosses sampled in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in 2005. No correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb in the mosses at p < 0.1. For Pb in 1995 r is 0.52 at p = 0.012, for the other surveys no correlations at p < 0.05 could be found. Discussion The increase of the Cr bioaccumulation from 2000 till 2005 is particularly pronounced in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. This trend is confirmed with regional differences in the national average as well as in other participating countries like in Switzerland. Deposition measurements did not register this trend. In contrast to the UNECE area, the federal territory and several federal states no correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the metal concentrations in the mosses. Conclusions The fact that no correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the element concentrations in the mosses may be caused by the low spatial resolution (50 × 50 km) of the EMEP data. The moss surveys contribute to the heavy metal and the multi-component-model of CLRTAP because they prove on different spatial scales how air pollution control influences the accumulation of emitted substances in environmental subjects of protection like vegetation. In contrast to deposition measurement networks the moss monitoring identified a trend reversal in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: The continuous decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in mosses from 1990 till 2000 has changed to an increase of several metals between 2000 and 2005. This increase is significant for Cr and Zn. Recommendations and perspectives The spatial resolution of the EMEP deposition data should be enhanced based on the Europe-wide regression relationship between the element concentrations in the deposition and in the mosses. For regional studies the existing but so far not useable deposition measurement data of the federal states should be made available. It should further be investigated what caused the increase of the Cr concentrations above the level of 1990 – perhaps emissions or biogenic effects as a consequence of simultaneously increased nitrogen loads? The Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys are a positive example for environmental monitoring activities reaching across three spatial and administrative levels: regional (e. g. federal state or natural landscape), nation wide (e. g. Germany) and continental (e. g. Europe). In Germany the harmonised and quality controlled moss data are made available via a WebGIS portal. Therefore the moss data may easily be accessed for environmental monitoring purposes and the control of environmental political actions. Hence, the continuous task of environmental monitoring can be met and carried on in the future. It should further be considered to expand the moss monitoring on the survey of persistent organic pollutants and apply it in human-biomonitoring. This would facilitate the acquisition of indoor and outdoor pollution with the same receptor

Erfassung der Anreicherung von Metallen und Stickstoff in baden-württembergischen Moosen

Background, aim, and scope Since 1990 the UN ECE Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys provide data inventories of the atmospheric heavy metal bioaccumulation in mosses across Europe. In the 2005 survey the nitrogen accumulation was measured for the first time in most of the participating countries. In Germany, the surveys were conducted in close cooperation with the relevant authorities of both the Federal Republic and the sixteen states. Therefore, statistical evaluations of the moss survey data with regard to the whole German territory and single federal states are of interest. This article concentrates on the federal state Baden-Württemberg, dealing with the mapping of the spatiotemporal trends of metal accumulation from 1990 to 2005, the spatial patterns of nitrogen accumulation in 2005, and the spatial variability of bioaccumulation due to characteristics of the sampling sites and their surroundings. Furthermore, for the first time the relationship between the element concentrations in the mosses and Europe-wide modelled data on total depositions from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) on total depositions and were evaluated by means of correlation analysis using lead as an example. EMEP is a scientifically based programme under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) for international co-operation to model transboundary air pollution problems. Materials and methods In Baden-Württemberg the bioaccumulation of metal elements was determined mainly in Hypnum cupressiforme moss samples since 1990 and in 2005 also nitrogen was investigated according to a Europe-wide harmonised methodology. The according experimental protocol describes the selection of sampling sites and moss species, the chemical analysis and quality control and the dissemiation of the measured values for mapping spatial patterns. In Baden-Württemberg all sampling sites were described with regard to topographical and ecological characteristics and several criteria to be fulfilled according to the guideline. Together with the measurements this metadata was combined with other information regarding land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites in the WebGIS MossMet. The spatial structure of the metal bioaccumulation was analysed and modelled by variogram analyses and then mapped by applying different kriging techniques. Furthermore, multi metal indices (MMI) were derived for both the sampling sites and raster maps with help of percentile statistics: The MMI1990–2005 was calculated for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The statistical association of the metal bioaccumulation, site specific characteristics as well as information on land use and emissions were analysed by bivariate nonparametric correlation analysis, contingency tables and Chisquare Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID). Results The moss analyses show a statistically significant decrease of the bioaccumulation of most metal elements from 1990 till 2005. Only the Cr and Sb concentrations in the mosses increased from 2000 till 2005, however not statistically significant. Also the decline of the MMI from 2000 till 2005 is not statistically significant. The nitrogen concentrations in the mosses sampled in Baden-Württemberg range from 1.15 to 1.74 % and are negatively correlated with the tree height (r s = 0.43, p < 0.01). The rank correlation coefficients which reflect the statistical association between the metal concentrations in the mosses and the land uses in the surroundings of the sampling sites range from r s = 0.3 to r s = 0.7 (p < 0.05). Among the site descriptors mainly the variables proportion of forested land uses (especially Cd, Pb, Zn), proportion of agricultural land uses (Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn) precipitation sum (Cd, Pb, Zn), altitude (Cr, Fe, V), tree height (As, Hg, Pb, V) and the distance of the sampling site to the nearest road (Hg) as well as to tree crowns and bushes (Cu, Hg, Pb, V) feature significant correlations with the metal concentrations in the mosses. Without consideration of the EMEP deposition data the multivariate statistical CHAID analysis identifies the proportion of forested land uses in a radius of 5 km around the sampling site as well as the slope and altitude as the statistically most significant factors for the Cd concentrations in the mosses sampled in 2005. The total deposition of Pb (EMEP) and the Pb concentrations in mosses in Baden-Württemberg are correlated (2005: r = 0.52, p < 0.01). Discussion For the first time it could be shown that element concentrations measured in mosses of Baden-Württemberg are associated with modelled total depositions of lead (EMEP). The strength of the statistical correlations was found to vary with time. The comparison of atmospheric depositions and element concentration in mosses should be repeated with measured deposition data. In a pilot study this was carried out with data coming from e. g. the ICP Forest Level 2 data on throughfall and open field bulk deposition measurements. By relating data on atmospheric depositions with those on element concentration in mosses modelled deposition maps from the ICP Mapping and Modelling Programme could be validated. Furthermore the rather low resolution of the EMEP maps could be enhanced. Highly resolved deposition data is needed for the calculation of practice-oriented regionally differentiated exceedances of critical loads. In comparison with the deposition measurements, which feature a higher temporal resolution, the moss monitoring spaciously encompasses a wide spectrum of elements containing also elements with a human-toxicological relevance (e. g. As, Al, Hg, Sb, V) which are rarely measured in other monitoring networks. Hence the standardised biomonitoring of air pollutions with ectohydric mosses forms an important link between the technical acquisition of element depositions and their accumulation in biological material. Conclusions The moss surveys contribute to the heavy metal and the multi-component-model of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) because they show on different spatial scales how air pollution control influences the accumulation of emitted substances in environmental subjects of protection like vegetation. If environmental monitoring is seen as a continuous task and the applied methodology works well as an early warning system then environmental policy is enabled to act in preventative way and to pursue unexpected developments. No other environmental monitoring programme provides such a wide range of ecotoxicologically relevant elements measured as spatially dense as the case for the moss surveys. The spatial distribution of environmental information is an essential criterion for their usability in terms of political measures for the federal states and the federation. Recommendations and perspectives The Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys are a good example for environmental monitoring activities reaching across three spatial and administrative levels: regional (e. g. federal state or natural landscape), nation wide (e. g. Germany) and continental (e. g. Europe). In Germany the harmonised and quality controlled moss data are made available via a WebGIS portal. Therefore, the moss data may easily be accessed for environmental monitoring purposes and the control of environmental political actions. Hence, the continuous task of environmental monitoring can be met and carried on in the future. Further, the moss monitoring is the only monitoring network in Europe which provides sufficiently differentiated area-wide data on the nitrogen exposure of semi-natural and agriculturally influenced ecosystems, which are also spatially meaningful for single countries and their administrative subdivisions (e. g. federal states). The Europe-wide correlations between element concentrations in mosses and modelled EMEP deposition data proved in other recent studies will be used to improve the spatial resolution of metal and nitrogen deposition mapping in order to comply with the requirements of science and praxis better than so far

Atmosphärische Deposition und Anreicherung von Schwermetallen und Stickstoff in Natura-2000-Gebieten Deutschlands

Purpose Under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution mosses are used to map the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and nitrogen throughout Europe. To this end, since 1990 mosses were sampled and analyzed chemically every five years. The goal of this article is to apply the moss survey data for assessing the bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and N in German Natura 2000 Sites of Community Importance (SCI). Methods The temporal trends of the heavy metal bioaccumulation within SCIs were analyzed using a multi metal index (MMI) calculated by means of geostatistics and percentile statistics. For nitrogen, only monitoring values for 2005 were available for the assessment. The geostatistically estimated values of the metal and nitrogen concentrations in mosses were transformed to estimated deposition values by use of regression analyses. Subsequently, the results were integrated into the assessment of the German SCIs. Results Highest metal loads within SCIs were detected in 1990, followed by a continuous decrease to 2000 and a significant increase until 2005. Regarding N, a median of 1.5 % nitrogen in the dry mass was calculated. The deposition values calculated from the moss estimates resulted in median values of 0.33 g/ha/a for Cd, 8.2 g/ha/a for Pb and 16.7 kg/ha/a for nitrogen. Conclusions The Moss-Monitoring is the only environmental monitoring programme which enables statistically sound estimations of the exposure of SCI to environmental contaminants in terms of heavy metal and nitrogen deposition and bioaccumulation