Relationships between economic, political, demographic, and educational climate variables and state appropriations to research I universities

2021 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Higher education appropriations have been a widely studied topic by researchers and became more of a concern after the Great Recession. Assessing factors influencing appropriations to Research I institutions is of particular interest as they possess substantial enrollment capabilities but can create great inequities and access issues without state subsidization (Weerts & Ronca, 2006). Two measures of appropriations were crafted using data from the Integrated Post Secondary Data System (IPEDS) for two year and above institutions from 2010 to 2015. Using fixed effects modeling, a series of twelve independent variables across four different categories (economic, political, demographic, and educational climate) were evaluated for predictive power on appropriations. Submodels where constructed on a set of the sample only including Research I institutions. A number of statistically significant effects on appropriations were found in the results and were largely consistent with findings in past research (Tandberg & Griffith, 2013). The largest statistically significant R2 value was found in need to pay overall model. When focusing on this research project's focus evaluating factors influencing appropriations at Research I institutions both Income Disparity (β=-161.951, p<.05) and Citizen Ideology (β=85.50, p<.01) stood out in the results with notable effect sizes. Personal income, citizen ideology, and tuition were significant in three of the four regression models

MMPI and DSM III Diagnosis Related to Selected Measures of Religious and Demographic Variables in Adult Outpatients

This study investigated the relationship between outpatients\u27 religious beliefs, as measured by the Religious Fundamentalism content scale (REL) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and their performance on standard MMPI validity and clinical scales, level of psychopathology, psychiatric diagnosis, religious orientation (intrinsic or extrinsic), and performance on a spiritual well-being scale. The sample consisted of 72 male and female client volunteers from two Portland, Oregon outpatient counseling settings. 47 clients were from one center and 25 were from the other center. The following instruments were given: the MMPI, the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS), the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWB); and a demographic questionnaire. Data analysis was primarily correlational, with t-tests and multiple regression also utilized as appropriate. REL was negatively correlated with the Ma scale and positively correlated with the K scale. No significant correlations were found between REL and the other standard MMPI validity and clinical scales. No significant relationships were found between outpatients\u27 REL scores and their level of psychopathology or psychiatric diagnosis. REL scores were found to be positively correlated with the Intrinsic scale of the ROS, the Existential Well-Being scale of the SWB, and the Religious-Well Being scale of the SWB. REL scores were negatively correlated with the Extrinsic scale of the ROS. The demographic variables of importance of religion , frequency of attendance , and Christian belief had strong positive correlations with REL scores. Additional REL criterion validity studies with a broad sample of populations are recommended. Developing new scales which quantify behavior consistent with a variety of formal religious belief systems, and then comparing them with the REL scale is suggested. Additionally, comparing REL scores with selected psychological constructs is recommended. The results of this study suggest that religious belief, as measured by the REL scale, is not a relevant factor in the interpretation of standard clinical and validity scales of outpatients\u27 MMPI profiles. Neither the view that religious beliefs are inherently pathological, nor the position that endorsing religious beliefs increases psychological functioning were empirically supported by this study

Branch Banking in Montana

Branch Bankin

Mapping the Shores of the Brown Dwarf Desert. I. Upper Scorpius

We present the results of a survey for stellar and substellar companions to 82 young stars in the nearby OB association Upper Scorpius. This survey used nonredundant aperture mask interferometry to achieve typical contrast limits of ΔK ~5-6 at the diffraction limit, revealing 12 new binary companions that lay below the detection limits of traditional high-resolution imaging; we also summarize a complementary snapshot imaging survey that discovered seven directly resolved companions. The overall frequency of binary companions (~35 +5 -4% at separations of 6-435 AU) appears to be equivalent to field stars of similar mass, but companions could be more common among lower mass stars than for the field. The companion mass function has statistically significant differences compared to several suggested mass functions for the field, and we suggest an alternate lognormal parameterization of the mass function. Our survey limits encompass the entire brown dwarf mass range, but we only detected a single companion that might be a brown dwarf; this deficit resembles the so-called brown dwarf desert that has been observed by radial velocity planet searches. Finally, our survey’s deep detection limits extend into the top of the planetary mass function, reaching 8-12 MJup for half of our sample. We have not identified any planetary companions at high confidence (≳99.5%), but we have identified four candidate companions at lower confidence (≳97.5%) that merit additional follow-up to confirm or disprove their existence

The Role of Multiplicity in Disk Evolution and Planet Formation

The past decade has seen a revolution in our understanding of protoplanetary disk evolution and planet formation in single star systems. However, the majority of solar-type stars form in binary systems, so the impact of binary companions on protoplanetary disks is an important element in our understanding of planet formation. We have compiled a combined multiplicity/disk census of Taurus-Auriga, plus a restricted sample of close binaries in other regions, in order to explore the role of multiplicity in disk evolution. Our results imply that the tidal influence of a close (<40 AU) binary companion significantly hastens the process of protoplanetary disk dispersal, as ~2/3 of all close binaries promptly disperse their disks within <1 Myr after formation. However, prompt disk dispersal only occurs for a small fraction of wide binaries and single stars, with ~80%-90% retaining their disks for at least ~2--3 Myr (but rarely for more than ~5 Myr). Our new constraints on the disk clearing timescale have significant implications for giant planet formation; most single stars have 3--5 Myr within which to form giant planets, whereas most close binary systems would have to form giant planets within <1 Myr. If core accretion is the primary mode for giant planet formation, then gas giants in close binaries should be rare. Conversely, since almost all single stars have a similar period of time within which to form gas giants, their relative rarity in RV surveys indicates either that the giant planet formation timescale is very well-matched to the disk dispersal timescale or that features beyond the disk lifetime set the likelihood of giant planet formation.Comment: Accepted to ApJ; 15 pages, 3 figures, 3 tables in emulateapj forma