Sodium butyrate sensitises human pancreatic cancer cells to both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Pancreatic cancer is characterised by a highly malignant phenotype with a marked resistance to conventional therapies and to apoptotic activators. Here, we demonstrate that sodium butyrate (NaBt), an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, sensitises human pancreatic cancer cell lines to both mitochondria- and Fas-mediated apoptosis. The analysis of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family in untreated pancreatic cancer cell lines shows a generalised low expression of Bcl-2 and a strong expression of Bcl-xL. NaBt treatment results in a marked down-regulation of Bcl-xL expression, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, activation of caspase-9 and -3 and apoptosis induction. Furthermore, NaBt sensitises pancreatic cancer cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis as well. In fact, the combined treatment with NaBt and the agonistic antibody anti-Fas (CH11) is able to induce apoptosis at an early time, in which neither NaBt nor CH11 alone induce apoptosis. Down-regulation of FLIP and activation of caspase-8 allow apoptosis to occur. These findings suggest that sodium butyrate could represent a good candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving chemotherapy and immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer

Mediterranean diet pyramids: towards the Italian model.

There is a long history to the representation of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid which may be seen as a form of cultural--culinary evolution as each country applies the foods best suited to its national diet. Different Mediterranean Diet pyramids have been designed for the population of Greece, Spain and Italy, tailored for their different food habits. These refer variously to portion sizes and frequency of consumption--daily, weekly and monthly and are not standardized. The 3rd CIISCAM Conference held in Parma, Italy was devoted to highlight the overall biodiversity and nutritional well being values and the sustainable benefits of the Mediterranean diet, recognised as one of the healthiest dietary pattern, and to reduce the rapid erosion of "lifestyle and food habits. It is necessary, therefore, to refer more to a Mediterranean Lifestyle of which diet is only a part. It should include physical and social activity, recreation and rest. It may be possible to construct a Mediterranean food lifestyle index both to assess such a holistic aspect and to correlate with improved morbidity & mortality

Young adults with high autistic-like traits displayed lower food variety and diet quality in childhood

This study explored the association between autistic-like traits in young adults and dietary intake in early childhood in the Gen2 Raine Study cohort. Data were available from 811 participants at years 1, 2 and 3 for the assessment of dietary intake, and at year 20 for measurement of autistic-like traits. Results showed as autistic-like traits increased, total food variety, core food variety and dairy variety decreased (p < 0.05), with a lower consumption of citrus fruits and yoghurt (both p = 0.04). As autistic-like traits increased, diet quality decreased, this trend was significant at 2 years (p = 0.024). Our results suggest that young adults with higher autistic-like traits were more likely to have had lower food variety and diet quality in early childhood