Agricultural Carbon and Greenhouse Gases: Moving to Markets

Environmental Economics and Policy,

A terminal molybdenum carbide prepared by methylidyne deprotonation

The carbide anion [CMo{N(R)Ar}_3]– [R = C(CD_3)_2CH_3, Ar = C_6H_3Me_2-3,5], is obtained by deprotonation of the corresponding methylidyne compound, [HCMo{N(R)Ar}_3], and is characterized by X-ray diffraction as its {K(benzo-15-crown-5)_2}+ salt, thereby providing precedent for the carbon atom as a terminal substituent in transition-metal chemistry

Partial Characterization of the Extracellular Polysaccharides Produced by Mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium trifolii

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are suspected to be involved in some aspect of the Rhizobium-legume symbiotic process. Extracellular polysaccharides produced by R. leguminosarum and R. trifolii mutants were isolated and partially characterized by gas chromatography, column chromatography, double diffusion, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The R. leguminosarum mutants, derived from strain 128C53, all are deficient in EPS production (exo-). Strain ANU54 is missing the symbiotic plasmid, while plasmid-containing strains ANU54 pJB5JI and ANU54 pBR1AN nodulate (nod+) peas and clover respectively, but do not fix nitrogen (fix-). R. leguminosarum mutants produce an EPS that is similar to parental LPS in composition. Double diffusion studies indicate that all mutant LPS and EPS are antigenically identical. Both plasmid-containing mutants show an extra precipitin line in double diffusion analysis and unique antibody-binding bands when subjected to immunoelectrophoresis. R. trifolii ANU794 produces normal amounts of EPS (exo+) and carries on normal symbiosis with clover. ANU437 (nod+ fix-exo-), is a Tn5 mutant of ANU794, but the insertion is not in the symbiotic plasmid. Strain ANU437RP4 (nod+ fix+,exo+) is strain ANU437 which has been complimented with a 4kb region from a wild-type R. trifolii. ANU437 produces an EPS that has a sugar composition similar to parental LPS. The 4kb insertion contained in ANU437RP4 restores the production of normal amounts of EPS that is similar in composition to parental EPS. Other R. trifolii mutants studied are affected in their ability to cause root hair curling. Strains ANU262 and ANU258 have a Tn5 insertion in the symbiotic plasmid, and cause severe root hair curling (hac++), but ANU258 is also affected in that it now has an increased host range. Purification of LPS by Sepharose 4B column chromatography revealed that the void and included volumes of strains ANU258 and ANU262 contain KDO and heptose, while parental strain ANU843 did not. The pyruvate level is lower in the LPS from ANU258 than in the LPS from ANU262. Double diffusion studies indicate that LPS from ANU258 and ANU262 is antigenically identical to the parental LPS and to LPS from mutants that do not cause root hair curling. The EPS composition of ANU258 and ANU262 is similar to strain ANU843. This study suggests that same small molecular weight molecules produced by plasmid-containing mutants of R. leguminosarum may have a role in the formation of nodules. Studies of R. trifolii EPS indicate that EPS may be important in the formation of effective nodules, but not in causing extreme root hair curling. Preliminary studies of LPS from mutants affected in root hair curling suggest that some differences exist in pyruvate levels and composition of Sepharose 4B peaks

Partial Characterization of the Extracellular Polysaccharides Produced by Mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium trifolii

Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are suspected to be involved in some aspect of the Rhizobium-legume symbiotic process. Extracellular polysaccharides produced by R. leguminosarum and R. trifolii mutants were isolated and partially characterized by gas chromatography, column chromatography, double diffusion, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. The R. leguminosarum mutants, derived from strain 128C53, all are deficient in EPS production (exo-). Strain ANU54 is missing the symbiotic plasmid, while plasmid-containing strains ANU54 pJB5JI and ANU54 pBR1AN nodulate (nod+) peas and clover respectively, but do not fix nitrogen (fix-). R. leguminosarum mutants produce an EPS that is similar to parental LPS in composition. Double diffusion studies indicate that all mutant LPS and EPS are antigenically identical. Both plasmid-containing mutants show an extra precipitin line in double diffusion analysis and unique antibody-binding bands when subjected to immunoelectrophoresis. R. trifolii ANU794 produces normal amounts of EPS (exo+) and carries on normal symbiosis with clover. ANU437 (nod+ fix-exo-), is a Tn5 mutant of ANU794, but the insertion is not in the symbiotic plasmid. Strain ANU437RP4 (nod+ fix+,exo+) is strain ANU437 which has been complimented with a 4kb region from a wild-type R. trifolii. ANU437 produces an EPS that has a sugar composition similar to parental LPS. The 4kb insertion contained in ANU437RP4 restores the production of normal amounts of EPS that is similar in composition to parental EPS. Other R. trifolii mutants studied are affected in their ability to cause root hair curling. Strains ANU262 and ANU258 have a Tn5 insertion in the symbiotic plasmid, and cause severe root hair curling (hac++), but ANU258 is also affected in that it now has an increased host range. Purification of LPS by Sepharose 4B column chromatography revealed that the void and included volumes of strains ANU258 and ANU262 contain KDO and heptose, while parental strain ANU843 did not. The pyruvate level is lower in the LPS from ANU258 than in the LPS from ANU262. Double diffusion studies indicate that LPS from ANU258 and ANU262 is antigenically identical to the parental LPS and to LPS from mutants that do not cause root hair curling. The EPS composition of ANU258 and ANU262 is similar to strain ANU843. This study suggests that same small molecular weight molecules produced by plasmid-containing mutants of R. leguminosarum may have a role in the formation of nodules. Studies of R. trifolii EPS indicate that EPS may be important in the formation of effective nodules, but not in causing extreme root hair curling. Preliminary studies of LPS from mutants affected in root hair curling suggest that some differences exist in pyruvate levels and composition of Sepharose 4B peaks

Distribution payout practices and the collapse of A-REITs

In the lead up to the Global Financial Crisis, A-REITS pursued aggressive distribution practices. Payout ratios significantly in excess of 100% of underlying earnings became common place, funded largely from increased borrowings. The GFC painfully exposed the unsustainability of this practice. A-REITs were punished when the global debt markets froze and property values crashed, leading to massive equity destruction for over geared A- REITs.This research explores the pre-GFC distributions practices of A- REITs. Annual report financial data analysis and semi-structured interviews with five industry experts were conducted to examine A-REIT distribution practices. The results reveal a clear systematic decline in the relationship between underlying earnings and distributions. It is further discovered that the since abandoned practice of distributing un-realised profits was designed to boost share prices. Paradoxically, it eventually led to their decline and the A-REIT sector's demise

Generating-function method for fusion rules

This is the second of two articles devoted to an exposition of the generating-function method for computing fusion rules in affine Lie algebras. The present paper focuses on fusion rules, using the machinery developed for tensor products in the companion article. Although the Kac-Walton algorithm provides a method for constructing a fusion generating function from the corresponding tensor-product generating function, we describe a more powerful approach which starts by first defining the set of fusion elementary couplings from a natural extension of the set of tensor-product elementary couplings. A set of inequalities involving the level are derived from this set using Farkas' lemma. These inequalities, taken in conjunction with the inequalities defining the tensor products, define what we call the fusion basis. Given this basis, the machinery of our previous paper may be applied to construct the fusion generating function. New generating functions for sp(4) and su(4), together with a closed form expression for their threshold levels are presented.Comment: Harvmac (b mode : 47 p) and Pictex; to appear in J. Math. Phy

Generating-function method for tensor products

This is the first of two articles devoted to a exposition of the generating-function method for computing fusion rules in affine Lie algebras. The present paper is entirely devoted to the study of the tensor-product (infinite-level) limit of fusions rules. We start by reviewing Sharp's character method. An alternative approach to the construction of tensor-product generating functions is then presented which overcomes most of the technical difficulties associated with the character method. It is based on the reformulation of the problem of calculating tensor products in terms of the solution of a set of linear and homogeneous Diophantine equations whose elementary solutions represent ``elementary couplings''. Grobner bases provide a tool for generating the complete set of relations between elementary couplings and, most importantly, as an algorithm for specifying a complete, compatible set of ``forbidden couplings''.Comment: Harvmac (b mode : 39 p) and Pictex; this is a substantially reduced version of hep-th/9811113 (with new title); to appear in J. Math. Phy