Quantum cascade laser based hybrid dual comb spectrometer

Four-wave-mixing-based quantum cascade laser frequency combs (QCL-FC) are a powerful photonic tool, driving a recent revolution in major molecular fingerprint regions, i.e. mid- and far-infrared domains. Their compact and frequency-agile design, together with their high optical power and spectral purity, promise to deliver an all-in-one source for the most challenging spectroscopic applications. Here, we demonstrate a metrological-grade hybrid dual comb spectrometer, combining the advantages of a THz QCL-FC with the accuracy and absolute frequency referencing provided by a free-standing, optically-rectified THz frequency comb. A proof-of-principle application to methanol molecular transitions is presented. The multi-heterodyne molecular spectra retrieved provide state-of-the-art results in line-center determination, achieving the same precision as currently available molecular databases. The devised setup provides a solid platform for a new generation of THz spectrometers, paving the way to more refined and sophisticated systems exploiting full phase control of QCL-FCs, or Doppler-free spectroscopic schemes

Flip-angle based ratiometric approach for pulsed CEST-MRI pH imaging

Several molecules have been exploited for developing MRI pH sensors based on the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) technique. A ratiometric approach, based on the saturation of two exchanging pools at the same saturation power, or by varying the saturation power levels on the same pool, is usually needed to rule out the concentration term from the pH measurement. However, all these methods have been demonstrated by using a continuous wave saturation scheme that limits its translation to clinical scanners. This study shows a new ratiometric CEST-MRI pH-mapping approach based on a pulsed CEST saturation scheme for a radiographic contrast agent (iodixanol) possessing a single chemical exchange site. This approach is based on the ratio of the CEST contrast effects at two different flip angles combinations (180°/360° and 180°/720°), keeping constant the mean irradiation RF power (Bavg power). The proposed ratiometric approach index is concentration independent and it showed good pH sensitivity and accuracy in the physiological range between 6.0 and 7.4

Degenerate quantum gases manipulation on AtomChips

The integration of cold atomic sources and electromagnetic field sources in the same device is a major frontier for both fundamental science and advanced technology. In this paper, we discuss the realization of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on an AtomChip and describe such an experimental configuration realized at LENS. We also concentrate on the realization of a particular integrated matter wave interferometer where coherent coupling between the BECs in different Zeeman states is used to produce a fringe time-population signal at the output. Finally, we discuss the prospects for application of such a device as a multi-path interferometer. 3rd International School and Conference on Photonics, Aug 29-Sep 02, 2011, Belgrade, Serbi

In vivo imaging of tumor metabolism and acidosis by combining PET and MRI-CEST pH imaging

Abstract The vast majority of cancers exhibit increased glucose uptake and glycolysis regardless of oxygen availability. This metabolic shift leads to an enhanced production of lactic acid that decreases extracellular pH (pHe), a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment. In this way, dysregulated tumor pHe and upregulated glucose metabolism are linked tightly and their relative assessment may be useful to gain understanding of the underlying biology. Here we investigated noninvasively the in vivo correlation between tumor 18F-FDG uptake and extracellular pH values in a murine model of HER2+ breast cancer. Tumor extracellular pH and perfusion were assessed by acquiring MRI-CEST (chemical exchange saturation transfer) images on a 3T scanner after intravenous administration of a pH-responsive contrast agent (iopamidol). Static PET images were recorded immediately after MRI acquisitions to quantify the extent of 18F-FDG uptake. We demonstrated the occurrence of tumor pHe changes that report on acidification of the interstitial fluid caused by an accelerated glycolysis. Combined PET and MRI-CEST images reported complementary spatial information of the altered glucose metabolism. Notably, a significant inverse correlation was found between extracellular tumor pH and 18F-FDG uptake, as a high 18F-FDG uptake corresponds to lower extracellular pH values. These results show how merging the information from 18F-FDG-uptake and extracellular pH measurements can improve characterization of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 76(22); 6463–70. ©2016 AACR.</jats:p

High Dynamic Range, Heterogeneous, Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers Featuring Thermally Tunable Frequency Comb Operation over a Broad Current Range

We report on the engineering of broadband quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) emitting at Terahertz (THz) frequencies, which exploit a heterogeneous active region scheme and have a current density dynamic range (Jdr) of 3.2, significantly larger than the state-of-the-art, over a 1.3 THz bandwidth. We demonstrate that the devised broadband lasers operate as THz optical frequency comb synthesizers, in continuous-wave, with a maximum optical output power of 4 mW (0.73 mW in the comb regime). Measurement of the intermode beatnote map reveals a clear dispersion-compensated frequency comb regime extending over a continuous 106 mA current range (current density dynamic range of 1.24), significantly broader than the state-of-the-art at similar geometries, with a corresponding emission bandwidth of ≈1.05 THz and a stable and narrow (4.15 kHz) beatnote detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of 34 dB. Analysis of the electrical and thermal beatnote tuning reveals a current-tuning coefficient ranging between 5 and 2.1 MHz/mA and a temperature-tuning coefficient of −4 MHz/K. The ability to tune the THz QCL combs over their full operating dynamic range, by temperature and current, paves the way for their use as a powerful spectroscopy tool that can provide broad frequency coverage combined with high precision spectral accuracy

Frequency metrology of helium around 1083 nm and determination of the nuclear charge radius

We measure the absolute frequency of seven out of the nine allowed transitions between the 2$^3${\it S} and 2$^3${\it P} hyperfine manifolds in a metastable $^3$He beam by using an optical frequency comb synthesizer-assisted spectrometer. The relative uncertainty of our measurements ranges from $1\times 10^{-11}$ to $5\times 10^{-12}$, which is, to our knowledge, the most precise result for any optical $^3$He transition to date. The resulting $2^3${\it P}-2$^3${\it S} centroid frequency is $276\,702\,827\,204.8\,(2.4)$kHz. Comparing this value with the known result for the $^4$He centroid and performing {\em ab initio} QED calculations of the $^4$He-$^3$He isotope shift, we extract the difference of the squared nuclear charge radii $\delta r^2$ of $^3$He and $^4$He. Our result for $\delta r^2=1.074 (3)$ fm$^2$ disagrees by about $4\,\sigma$ with the recent determination [R. van Rooij {\em et al.}, Science {\bf 333}, 196 (2011)].Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, 3 table

A General MRI-CEST Ratiometric Approach for pH Imaging: Demonstration of in Vivo pH Mapping with Iobitridol

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a novel contrast mechanism for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CEST MRI selectively saturates exchangeable protons that are transferred to MRI-detectable bulk water signal. MRI-CEST (pH)-responsive agents are probes able to map pH in the microenvironment in which they distribute. To minimize the confounding effects of contrast agent concentration, researchers have developed ratiometric CEST imaging, which investigates contrast agents containing multiple magnetically non-equivalent proton groups, whose prototropic exchange have different pH responses. However, conventional ratiometric CEST MRI imposes stringent requirements on the selection of CEST contrasts agents. In this study, a novel ratiometric pH MRI method based on the analysis of CEST effects under different radio frequency irradiation power levels was developed. The proposed method has been demonstrated using iobitridol, an X-ray contrast agent analog of iopamidol but containing a single set of amide protons, both in vitro and in vivo