505 research outputs found
Superficial Scald versus Ethanol Vapours: A Dose Response
Early picked "Granny Smith" apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were stored under air or CA (controlled atmosphere at 2 kPa O2 and <1 kPa CO2) at 1°C. During the first week of storage, fruit was subjected to ethanol vapours in doses
from 0 to 8 g/kg of fruit. Ethanol at 4 g/kg protected fruit against superficial scald in
CA storage for at least 5.5 months, plus two weeks in cold air storage, plus a week at
ambient temperature. Ethanol at 6 g/kg protected fruit in cold air storage for 3
months, plus a week at ambient temperature. Effects of ethanol vapours and CA on
headspace ethylene levels are discussed. Ethanol vapours did not cause significant
off-flavours in "Granny Smith" apples (consumer panel, hedonic scale), or purpling
of the skin of Red Delicious apples (visual assessment)
Geographic model for cost estimation of FTTH deployment: overcoming inaccuracy in uneven-populated areas
A geographic approach is proposed to accurately estimate the cost of FTTH networks. In contrast to the existing geometric models, our model can efficiently avoid inaccurate estimation of the fibre infrastructure cost in the uneven-populated areas
Geometric versus geographic models for the estimation of an FTTH deployment
Optical access networks provide a future proof platform for a wide range of services, and today, several operators are deploying fibre to the home (FTTH) networks. Installing an FTTH infrastructure, however, involves very high investment cost. Therefore, a good estimation of the investment cost is important for building a successful business strategy and, consequently, to speed up the FTTH penetration. In this paper, for calculating the amount of cable and fibre in the outside plant together with the associated civil works, and the number of required network elements, two different approaches are investigated: (1) geometric modelling of the fibre plant based on approximate mathematical models and (2) geographic modelling of the fibre plant based on map-based geospatial data. The results obtained from these two approaches can then be used as input for preliminary investment cost calculations and/or techno-economic evaluations. Compared to more complex and accurate geographic modelling, we verify that especially with uneven population density and irregular street system, simple geometric models do not provide accurate results. However, if no geospatial data is available or a fast calculation is desired for a first estimation, geometric models definitely have their relevance. Based on the case studies presented in this paper, we propose some important guidelines to improve the accuracy of the geometric models by eliminating their main distortion factors
From logic of competition to conflict: understanding the dynamics of EU-Russia relations
To understand the gradual worsening of EUâRussia relations in the decade preceding the Ukraine crisis, it is essential to understand the dynamics of their interaction. This article divides EUâRussia relations into three stages on the basis of changing intergroup dynamics: asymmetrical cooperation (1992â2003), pragmatic but increasing competition (2004â2013) and conflict (2013âpresent). It draws on the concept of âattributional biasâ to explain the escalating logic of competition during the second stage. The EU and Russia started to attribute each other negative geopolitical intentions up to the point where these images became so dominant that they interpreted each otherâs behaviour almost exclusively in terms of these images, rather than on the basis of their actual behaviour. With the Ukraine crisis, EUâRussia relations changed from competition over institutional arrangements in the neighbourhood and over normative hegemony to conflict over direct control
DiPyMe in SDS Micelles: Artifacts and Their Implications in the Interpretation of Micellar Properties
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Langmuir, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by publisher. To access the final edited and published work see http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02770This study provides experimental evidence that di(1-pyrenylmethyl) ether or DiPyMe, a well-known fluorescent probe employed to determine the microviscosity of surfactant or polymeric micelles, is being hydrolyzed in the presence of water upon UV irradiation. This effect was established from a careful analysis of the fluorescence spectra and decays acquired with aqueous solutions of DiPyMe dissolved in micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The size of the SDS micelles could be adjusted from an aggregation number (N-agg) of 70 to 172 by increasing the ionic strength of the aqueous solution from 0.0 to 0.5 M NaCl. The hydrolysis of DiPyMe was much reduced in the larger SDS micelles. While the degradation of DiPyMe in aqueous solutions of SDS micelles affected the analysis of the fluorescence spectra, model-free analysis (MFA) of the fluorescence decays of DiPyMe could reliably retrieve the rate constant of excimer formation for DiPyMe. After calibration with mixtures of organic solvents of known macroscopic viscosity, the values obtained for DiPyMe yielded the microviscosity (mu eta) of the SDS micelles as a function of salt concentration. The mu eta was found to increase from 4.0 to 8.8 mPa.s as the salt concentration increased from 0.0 to 0.5 M. This study demonstrated that, regardless of the problem of its hydrolysis that jeopardizes its use in steady-state fluorescence experiments, DiPyMe remains an extremely valuable probe for describing the microviscosity of hydrophobic domains in aqueous solution as long as its decays are analyzed with a model that accounts for the presence of degradation products as the MFA does.NSER
Improved limits on dark matter annihilation in the Sun with the 79-string IceCube detector and implications for supersymmetry
We present an improved event-level likelihood formalism for including
neutrino telescope data in global fits to new physics. We derive limits on
spin-dependent dark matter-proton scattering by employing the new formalism in
a re-analysis of data from the 79-string IceCube search for dark matter
annihilation in the Sun, including explicit energy information for each event.
The new analysis excludes a number of models in the weak-scale minimal
supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) for the first time. This work is
accompanied by the public release of the 79-string IceCube data, as well as an
associated computer code for applying the new likelihood to arbitrary dark
matter models.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figs, 1 table. Contact authors: Pat Scott & Matthias
Danninger. Likelihood tool available at http://nulike.hepforge.org. v2: small
updates to address JCAP referee repor
An All-Sky Search for Three Flavors of Neutrinos from Gamma-Ray Bursts with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory
We present the results and methodology of a search for neutrinos produced in
the decay of charged pions created in interactions between protons and
gamma-rays during the prompt emission of 807 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) over the
entire sky. This three-year search is the first in IceCube for shower-like
Cherenkov light patterns from electron, muon, and tau neutrinos correlated with
GRBs. We detect five low-significance events correlated with five GRBs. These
events are consistent with the background expectation from atmospheric muons
and neutrinos. The results of this search in combination with those of
IceCube's four years of searches for track-like Cherenkov light patterns from
muon neutrinos correlated with Northern-Hemisphere GRBs produce limits that
tightly constrain current models of neutrino and ultra high energy cosmic ray
production in GRB fireballs.Comment: 33 pages, 14 figures; minor changes made to match published version
in the Astrophysical Journal, 2016 June 2
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