The Education of School Counsellors in Canada

The author differentiates between counsellor education and the education of school counsellors. He uses a 1978 study of school guidance services in Canada in which provincial guidance directors were interviewed to gain their perceptions of various guidance-related issues. The study indicated that departments of education prefer the term "guidance" to "counselling" and the terminology affects how guidance is practised in the schools and how school counsellors are trained. The study identified several discrepancies between the training given to and practice expected of school counsellors. It also found that national priorities were considered important neither to the training of counsellors nor to the practice of guidance in the schools. Unexpectedly, the study found that the responsibility for in-service training of school counsellors was seldom assumed by the training institutions.L'auteur différencie "formation des conseillants" et "formation des conseillants pédagogiques." Il utilise une étude entreprise en 1978 des services de l'orientation pédagogique au Canada. Pour cette étude, on interroge des directeurs provinciaux de l'orientation à découvrir leurs perceptions sur questions divers qui se rapportent à l'orientation. L'étude indique que les départements de l'éducation préfèrent l'appellation "orientation" à "consultation", et que l'appellation influence comment l'orientation est pratiquée aux écoles et comment les conseillants sont formés. L'étude constate quelque désaccords entre la formation donnée au et le pratique attendu du conseillant. Elle montre encore qu'on ne considère importantes les priorités nationales ni à la formation des conseillants ni à la pratique de l'orientation aux écoles. Une découverte imprévue est que les institutions de formation prennent rarement la responsibilité d'apprentissage au travail de conseillants pratiquants

The Renaissance of Vocational Guidance

No abstract availabl

The domestication of water: water management in the ancient world and its prehistoric origins in the Jordan Valley

The ancient civilizations were dependent upon sophisticated systems of water management. The hydraulic engineering works found in ancient Angkor (ninth to thirteenth century AD), the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan (thirteenth to fifteenth century AD), Byzantine Constantinople (fourth to sixth century AD) and Nabatean Petra (sixth century BC to AD 106) are particularly striking because each of these is in localities of the world that are once again facing a water crisis. Without water management, such ancient cities would never have emerged, nor would the urban communities and towns from which they developed. Indeed, the ‘domestication’ of water marked a key turning point in the cultural trajectory of each region of the world where state societies developed. This is illustrated by examining the prehistory of water management in the Jordan Valley, identifying the later Neolithic (approx. 8300–6500 years ago) as a key period when significant investment in water management occurred, laying the foundation for the development of the first urban communities of the Early Bronze Age