Roger Ascham\u27s Unrecognized Contributions to Education in The Schoolmaster

In the late sixteenth century, Roger Ascham, English scholar and author, wrote The Schoolmaster, in which he outlined some principles of education and of learning. The purpose of this paper is to note some of these principles and to illustrate their use in education

Elementary School Teachers\u27 Perceptions of Leadership Behavior and Job Satisfaction

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the relationship between elementary teachers\u27 perceptions of their principal\u27s leadership behavior and how these perceptions relate to their job satisfaction. Perceptions were measured by the Leadership Behavior Instrument and the Job Satisfaction Survey. The respondents for the surveys worked in Southeast Tennessee and Northeast Mississippi. This study was guided by the following four questions: 1: How do elementary teachers perceive the leadership behavior of principals in the domains of human relations, trust/decision making, instructional leadership, control, and conflict; 2) To what extent to elementary teachers express satisfaction with their jobs in the domains of supervision, contingent rewards, operating procedures, coworkers, nature of work, and communication; 3) What is the relationship between elementary teachers\u27 perceptions of their leaders\u27 leadership behaviors in the domains of human relations, trust/decision making, instructional leadership, control, and conflict and their overall job satisfaction; and 4) Are there differences in the extent of the relationship between teachers\u27 perceptions of their leaders\u27 leadership behaviors in the five domains, and their overall job satisfaction by variables such as level of education, amount of time at current school, and years of teaching experience? The results of this study indicated that there is a strong correlation between teachers\u27 perceptions of leadership behavior and their job satisfaction. The results of this study did not find a significant correlation between job satisfaction and level of education, amount of time at current school, and years of teaching experience

Maturing on a High: An Analysis of Trends, Prevalence and Patterns of Recreational Drug Use in Middle and Older Adulthood.

Lately, we have witnessed how recreational drug use is extending further into adulthood than has traditionally been the case. Some young adults appear to be taking their recreational drug use with them into middle and older adulthood and in other cases drug use is initiated in later life. Analysing survey data from America, Australia, and England and Wales this chapter summarizes the extent of and trends in adult recreational drug use. In doing so, it is argued that many adults are drug experienced and a substantial minority are continuing to take drugs as they grow older. The trend in recent drug use for many adults aged 30 and over is upward. The chapter considers some explanations for these findings drawing on the concept of a cohort replacement effect, critiquing the notion of maturing out from drug use and, in turn, appreciating the nature and functions of recreational drug use in adulthood. The authors argue that the experiences of adult recreational drug users are under-researched and suggest future research agendas and ways to access adult populations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of public health and human rights concerns

Intra-specific variation in wing morphology and its impact on take-off performance in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) during escape flights

Diurnal and seasonal increases in body mass and seasonal reductions in wing area may compromise a bird's ability to escape, as less of the power available from the flight muscles can be used to accelerate and elevate the animal's centre of mass. Here, we investigated the effects of intra-specific variation in wing morphology on escape take-off performance in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Flights were recorded using synchronised high-speed video cameras and take-off performance was quantified as the sum of the rates of change of the kinetic and potential energies of the centre of mass. Individuals with a lower wing loading, WL (WL=body weight/wing area) had higher escape take-off performance, consistent with the increase in lift production expected from relatively larger wings. Unexpectedly, it was found that the total power available from the flight muscles (estimated using an aerodynamic analysis) was inversely related to WL. This could simply be because birds with a higher WL have relatively smaller flight muscles. Alternatively or additionally, variation in the aerodynamic load on the wing resulting from differences in wing morphology will affect the mechanical performance of the flight muscles via effects on the muscle's length trajectory. Consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that wing beat frequency and relative downstroke duration increase with decreasing WL; both are factors that are expected to increase muscle power output. Understanding how wing morphology influences take-off performance gives insight into the potential risks associated with feather loss and seasonal and diurnal fluctuations in body mass

Some monodontomerinae and megastigminae torymidae associated with cynipidae in spain hymenoptera

5 paginas y 7 figurasMicrodontomerus impolitus sp. n. and Liodontomerus centaureae sp. n. are described from cynipid galls on Tragopogon and Centaurea respectively. New host and distributional data are given for M. crassipes Bouček. L. papaveris (Förster), Chalcimerus borceai Steffan & Andriescu and Megastigmus dumicola Bouček, and generic characters of Microdontomerus and Liodontomerus are commented upon.Peer reviewe

The effect of disgust and fear modeling on children’s disgust and fear for animals

Disgust is a protective emotion associated with certain types of animal fears. Given that a primary function of disgust is to protect against harm, increasing children’s disgust-related beliefs for animals may affect how threatening they think animals are and their avoidance of them. One way that children’s disgust beliefs for animals might change is via vicarious learning: by observing others responding to the animal with disgust. In Experiment 1, children (ages 7–10 years) were presented with images of novel animals together with adult faces expressing disgust. Children’s fear beliefs and avoidance preferences increased for these disgust-paired animals compared with unpaired control animals. Experiment 2 used the same procedure and compared disgust vicarious learning with vicarious learning with fear faces. Children’s fear beliefs and avoidance preferences for animals again increased as a result of disgust vicarious learning, and animals seen with disgust or fear faces were also rated more disgusting than control animals. The relationship between increased fear beliefs and avoidance preferences for animals was mediated by disgust for the animals. The experiments demonstrate that children can learn to believe that animals are disgusting and threatening after observing an adult responding with disgust toward them. The findings also suggest a bidirectional relationship between fear and disgust with fear-related vicarious learning leading to increased disgust for animals and disgust-related vicarious learning leading to increased fear and avoidance

Serum and macular responses to antioxidant supplementation verus a carotenoid-rich dietary intervention in the elderly.

Journal ArticleThe aim of this study was to observe responses of serum antioxidants, oxidative stress biomarkers, and macular carotenoid pigments to antioxidant supplements or dietary intervention in a single-masked, randomized, pilot clinical study of elderly subjects receiving antioxidant supplements or a dietary intervention. Methods: From a pool of ninety-eight community volunteers, forty-eight male and female subjects (age 65-85) with the lowest baseline serum lutein + zeaxanthin levels were selected and randomly assigned to receive for 12 weeks one of two different antioxidant supplements or a diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing approximately matched levels of four classes of carotenoids: carotenes, the xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin, and lycopene. Forty-six completed the study. Both supplements and diet also were rich in vitamins C and E. Outcome measures were changes from baseline: 1) in serum levels of antioxidant micronutrients (vitamins C and E, lutein, zeaxanthin, and carotene); 2) in levels of indicators of oxidative stress: serum lipid peroxides (LPO) and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG); and 3) macular pigment, measured by heterochromatic flicker photometry. Results: Interventions to promote eye health by either diet or supplementation showed consistent serum responses, with substantial improvements within twelve weeks. Serum lutein and vitamin C increased for all groups (p< 0.05), and lipid peroxides decreased for all subjects (p< 0.05); nonetheless, mean macular pigment did not increase significantly during the designated timeframe. Conclusion: Supplementation of elderly individuals potentially at risk for AMD with two different types of antioxidant formulations exhibited positive serum responses similar to a dietary intervention containing approximately comparable levels of carotenoids. This pilot study indicates that the ocular supplements tested in this study elicited responses in serum parameters similar to daily consumption of four servings of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables. The study also provides useful criteria for the design of larger-scale and longer-term studies of antioxidant supplementation in an elderly population potentially at risk for AMID