Exploring Scientific Discourse on Marine Litter in Europe:Review of Sources, Causes and Solutions

Marine litter is a transboundary environmental issue that affects all the world’s oceans. Marine litter research is a young discipline but one that has exploded during the last five years. However, the increased knowledge of sources and underlying causes to marine litter, as well as knowledge regarding solutions, lack systematic review and synthesis. This study reviews the scientific discourses around plastic marine litter in Europe, and more specifically, in Norway and Denmark, and explores emerging discourse coalitions. Four main thematic storylines on the source-cause-solution causal relationship, as well as two emerging storylines within marine litter research, are found. This study concludes that in order to secure sustainability of solutions and to avoid risk transformation and greenwashing, more interdisciplinary research, including life cycle assessment, is needed. The data set contains three elements: *Full sample* contains all data (both excluded and included articles. Coloums can be sortet and filtered to focus on specific topics. Analysis concept based on PRISMA *Timeline* harvest relevant data from 'full sample' for table 4 in the article. Cross year topic-counts are used for figure 3 in the article. *Storyline-connections* harvest relevant data from 'full sample' for figure 3 in the articl

Vibrational microspectroscopy of food. Raman vs

FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy are complementary techniques for the study of molecular vibrations and structure. The combination with a microscope results in an analytical method that allows spatially resolved investigation of the chemical composition of heterogeneous foods and food ingredients. The high spatial resolution makes it possible to study areas down to approximately 10Â10 mm with FT-IR microspectroscopy and approximately 1Â1 mm with Raman microspectroscopy. This presentation highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the two microspectroscopic techniques when applied to different heterogeneous food systems. FT-IR and Raman microspectroscopy were applied to a number of different problems related to food analysis: (1) in situ determination of starch and pectin in the potato cell, (2) in situ determination of the distribution of amygdalin in bitter almonds, (3) the composition of blisters found on the surface of bread, (4) the microstructure of high-lysine barley and (5) the composition of white spots in the shell of frozen shrimps.