Towards a global model of the martian atmosphere

In an effort to continuously improve the capabilities of the Martian atmospheric predictions at LMD, the GCM has been extended into thermospheric heights thus creating the first model to self-consistently couple the lower and upper regions of the Martian atmosphere. The behaviour of the Martian thermosphere is strongly influenced by lower atmospheric processes and has complex dynamics. Such a fully coupled model will certainly aid in the preparation of future missions and on the analysis of future high altitude data, as well as serve as a base for the simulation of ionospheric processes, escape, etc

Formulaciones con combinación de ingredientes activos para el control de Armadillidium vulgare (Crustacea: Isopoda), plaga en el cultivo de colza

ResumenLa colza (Brassica napus, B. campestris) en siembra directa (SD) representa una alternativa en los sistemas de rotación actuales. Armadillidium vulgare es una de las plagas principales de los cultivos en SD. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar cebos de acción combinada como estrategia alternativa de control de dicha especie.Se realizaron ensayos de laboratorio y de campo con los siguientes tratamientos: testigo sin tratamiento químico; testigo químico (4 kg/ha de Carbaryl 8%, MataBiBos Acay); 3, 4 y 5 kg/ha de cebo de acción combinada (Carbaryl 8% + Metaldehído 4%, Dual Acay). Se evaluó el número de individuos de A. vulgare muertos, de plantas dañadas y de plantas sanas. En el laboratorio, a los 2, 3, 7 y 9 días después de la aplicación de los cebos, los tratamientos químicos se diferenciaron del testigo y no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ellos. Los tratamientos con aplicaciones de cebos presentaron un número de plantas sanas y totales mayorcon respecto al testigo. En el campo, se detectaron diferencias en el número de individuos muertos entre los tratamientos químicos y el testigo. No se observaron diferencias en la proporción de individuos muertos ni de plantas dañadas entre los tratamiento químicos, sí respecto al testigo. La presencia del molusquicida en el cebo de acción combinada no interfirió en el control de A. vulgare. Se concluye que el cebo de acción combinada representa una alternativa de control de A. vulgare eficaz, que permite la protección del cultivo de colza. AbstractOilseed rape (Brassica napus, B. campestris) under No-Tillage (NT) represents an alternative in the current crop rotation systems. Armadillidium vulgare is a principal pest in crops under NT. The aim of this study was to evaluate combined action baits as alternative strategy in the control of that species. Laboratory and fields traits were carried out with five treatments: control treatment without chemicals, positive control (4 kg/ha of Carbaryl 8%, MataBiBos Acay); 3, 4 and 5 kg/ha of baits combined action (Carbaryl 8% + Metaldehyde 4%, Dual Acay). The number of dead A. vulgare individuals and the number of damaged and undamaged plants ere evaluated. In laboratory: all the chemical treatments differed from control and these were similar to each other at 2, 3, 7 and 9 days after application of baits. Number of undamaged and the number of total plants were higher in treatments with baits applications. In the field study, differences in dead individuals between chemical treatments and the control were found. Neither the products nor the doses tested had an effect. The proportion of dead individuals did not differ between chemical treatments. Chemical treatments had a lower number of damaged plants than control. The presence of molluscicide on the combined action bait do not whit control of A. vulgare. We conclude that combined action bait represent an effective alternative of control of A. vulgare, which allows the protection of oilseed rape crop

Cebos molusquicidas y molusquicidas líquidos para el control de Deroceras reticulatum (Pulmonata: Stylomatophora), plaga en el cultivo de colza

Oil seed rape (Brassica napus) under No Tillage (NT) represents an alternative in the current crop rotationsystems. Deroceras reticulatum “gray slug” is a one of the present pest in this crop under NT. The aim of thisstudy was to evaluate combined action bait and liquid Metaldehyde as an alternative strategy control of the specie. Laboratory and fields traits were carried out with the following treatments: control treatment without chemicals, chemical co tro (4 kg ha-1 of Metaldehyde 4 %), 3, 4 and 5 kg ha-1 combined action bait (Carbaryl8 % y Metaldehyde 4 %) and 1, 2 and 3 l ha-1 of liquid formulations (20 % Metaldehyde). The number of dead individuals of D. reticulatum and the number of damaged and undamaged plants were evaluated. In the laboratory,up to 3 days after application (DAA) it was observed higher control rates at all doses of liquid formulationthan all solids treatment. In both, solid and liquid treatments did not have doses effect. The proportion of damaged plants did not differ between treatments. In the field, at 2, 8 and 14 DAA liquid treatments showed lower control rates compared with the Metaldehyde baits and combined action bait. Both treatments solids and liquids were no effect of dose. The proportion of damaged plants was higher than that observed in laboratoryconditions. There were not observed differences in the proportion of damaged plants under chemical treatments and in the control with slugs. The application of liquid formulations may be carrying out close to crops sowing, while baits should be applied before sowing

Bulk dynamics for interfacial growth models

We study the influence of the bulk dynamics of a growing cluster of particles on the properties of its interface. First, we define a {\it general bulk growth model} by means of a continuum Master equation for the evolution of the bulk density field. This general model just considers arbitrary addition of particles (though it can be easily generalized to consider substraction) with no other physical restriction. The corresponding Langevin equation for this bulk density field is derived where the influence of the bulk dynamics is explicitly shown. Finally, when it is assumed a well-defined interface for the growing cluster, the Langevin equation for the height field of this interface for some particular bulk dynamics is written. In particular, we obtain the celebrated Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. A Monte Carlo simulation illustrates the theoretical results.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

The new Mars climate database

Not available

Estudio de diferentes protocolos de restricción alimentaria sobre el desarrollo fetoplacentario en la coneja

Two feed strategies (ad libitum throughout pregnancy and restriction during the first 20 days), combined with oestrus synchronization with eCG or not in nulliparous rabbit does, were studied

In vivo and in vitro maturation of rabbit oocyte affects gene expression, mitochondrial distribution and apoptosis

In vivo-matured cumulus–oocyte complexes are valuable models in which to assess potential biomarkers of rabbit oocyte quality that contribute to enhanced IVM systems. In the present study we compared some gene markers of oocytes and cumulus cells (CCs) from immature, in vivo-matured and IVM oocytes. Moreover, apoptosis in CCs, nuclear maturation, mitochondrial reallocation and the developmental potential of oocytes after IVF were assessed. In relation to cumulus expansion, gene expression of gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43 kDa (Gja1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) was significantly lower in CCs after in vivo maturation than IVM. In addition, there were differences in gene expression after in vivo maturation versus IVM in both oocytes and CCs for genes related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt1), tumour protein 53 (Tp53), caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease (Casp3)), oxidative response (superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (Sod2)) and metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh)). In vivo-matured CCs had a lower apoptosis rate than IVM and immature CCs. Meiotic progression, mitochondrial migration to the periphery and developmental competence were higher for in vivo-matured than IVM oocytes. In conclusion, differences in oocyte developmental capacity after IVM or in vivo maturation are accompanied by significant changes in transcript abundance in oocytes and their surrounding CCs, meiotic rate, mitochondrial distribution and apoptotic index. Some of the genes investigated, such as Gja1, could be potential biomarkers for oocyte developmental competence in the rabbit model, helping improve in vitro culture systems in these species

La suplementación de los piensos de las conejas con EPA y DHA mejora el perfil insaturado de los ácidos grasos de la leche y sus parámetros reproductivos

Se ha valorado la influencia del enriquecimiento de las dietas de conejas reproductoras con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI) de origen animal (EPA y DHA) durante 2 ciclos sobre sus parámetros reproductivos y la composición de su leche. Un total de 124 conejas se alimentaron desde la recría hasta el segundo destete con dos dietas isofibrosas, isoenergéticas e isoproteicas formuladas con dos fuentes de grasa distintas. El grupo control (C;n=62) recibió un pienso con un 3% de grasa mezcla mientras que el del grupo experimental (P;n=62) contenía un 6% de un suplemento con un 50% de extracto etéreo concentrado en DHA y EPA a partir de aceite de salmón atlántico (Optomega-50, Optivite International Ltd., Barcelona, España)