Patient-specific iPSC-derived cellular models of LGMDR1

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1) represents one of the most common types of LGMD in the population, where patients develop a progressive muscle degeneration. The disease is caused by mutations in calpain 3 gene, with over 500 mutations reported to date. However, the molecular events that lead to muscle wasting are not clear, nor the reasons for the great clinical variability among patients, and this has so far hindered the development of effective therapies. Here we generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from skin fibroblasts of 2 healthy controls and 4 LGMDR1 patients with different mutations. The generated lines were able to differentiate into myogenic progenitors and myotubes in vitro and in vivo, upon a transient PAX7 overexpressing protocol. Thus, we have generated myogenic cellular models of LGMDR1 that harbor different CAPN3 mutations within a human genetic background, and which do not derive from muscular biopsies. These models will allow us to investigate disease mechanisms and test therapies. Despite the variability found among iPSC lines that was unrelated to CAPN3 mutations, we found that patient-derived myogenic progenitors and myotubes express lower levels of DMD, which codes a key protein in satellite cell regulation and myotube maturation

Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates centrosome cohesion via Rab10/RILPL1-mediated CDK5RAP2 displacement.

Mutations in LRRK2 increase its kinase activity and cause Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab proteins which allows for their binding to RILPL1. The phospho-Rab/RILPL1 interaction causes deficits in ciliogenesis and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes. We show here that centrosomal deficits mediated by pathogenic LRRK2 can also be observed in patient-derived iPS cells, and we have used transiently transfected cell lines to identify the underlying mechanism. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal cohesion deficits are dependent on both the GTP conformation and phosphorylation status of the Rab proteins. Pathogenic LRRK2 does not displace proteinaceous linker proteins which hold duplicated centrosomes together, but causes the centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2, a protein critical for centrosome cohesion. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2 requires RILPL1 and phospho-Rab proteins, which stably associate with centrosomes. These data provide fundamental information as to how pathogenic LRRK2 alters the normal physiology of a cell.We are grateful to Erich Nigg and Francis Barr for providing a variety of constructs and antibodies, and to Dario Alessi for providing various A549 cell lines and MEF cells. We thank Laura Montosa for excellent technical assistance with confocal microscopy. This work was supported by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's research (to S.H.), intramural funding from Rutgers University (to S.H.), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2017-89402-R to S.H.), the BBVA Foundation (to S.H., S.A.C., and R.W.M.), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU12/04367 to J.M.P., FPU15/05233 to A.J.L.O.), and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (EST18/00412 to A.J.L.O.)

Pathogenic LRRK2 regulates centrosome cohesion via Rab10/RILPL1-mediated CDK5RAP2 displacement

Mutations in LRRK2 increase its kinase activity and cause Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of Rab proteins which allows for their binding to RILPL1. The phospho-Rab/RILPL1 interaction causes deficits in ciliogenesis and interferes with the cohesion of duplicated centrosomes. We show here that centrosomal deficits mediated by pathogenic LRRK2 can also be observed in patient-derived iPS cells, and we have used transiently transfected cell lines to identify the underlying mechanism. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal cohesion deficits are dependent on both the GTP conformation and phosphorylation status of the Rab proteins. Pathogenic LRRK2 does not displace proteinaceous linker proteins which hold duplicated centrosomes together, but causes the centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2, a protein critical for centrosome cohesion. The LRRK2-mediated centrosomal displacement of CDK5RAP2 requires RILPL1 and phospho-Rab proteins, which stably associate with centrosomes. These data provide fundamental information as to how pathogenic LRRK2 alters the normal physiology of a cell.We are grateful to Erich Nigg and Francis Barr for providing a variety of constructs and antibodies, and to Dario Alessi for providing various A549 cell lines and MEF cells. We thank LauraMontosa for excellent technical assistance with confocal microscopy. This work was supported by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's research (to S.H.), intramural funding from Rutgers University (to S.H.), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2017-89402-R to S.H.), the BBVA Foundation (to S.H., S.A.C., and R.W. M.), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU12/04367 to J.M. P., FPU15/05233 to A.J. L.O.), and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (EST18/00412 to A.J.L. O.)

Differential Micro RNA Expression in PBMC from Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Differences in gene expression patterns have been documented not only in Multiple Sclerosis patients versus healthy controls but also in the relapse of the disease. Recently a new gene expression modulator has been identified: the microRNA or miRNA. The aim of this work is to analyze the possible role of miRNAs in multiple sclerosis, focusing on the relapse stage. We have analyzed the expression patterns of 364 miRNAs in PBMC obtained from multiple sclerosis patients in relapse status, in remission status and healthy controls. The expression patterns of the miRNAs with significantly different expression were validated in an independent set of samples. In order to determine the effect of the miRNAs, the expression of some predicted target genes of these were studied by qPCR. Gene interaction networks were constructed in order to obtain a co-expression and multivariate view of the experimental data. The data analysis and later validation reveal that two miRNAs (hsa-miR-18b and hsa-miR-599) may be relevant at the time of relapse and that another miRNA (hsa-miR-96) may be involved in remission. The genes targeted by hsa-miR-96 are involved in immunological pathways as Interleukin signaling and in other pathways as wnt signaling. This work highlights the importance of miRNA expression in the molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease. Moreover, the proposed involvement of these small molecules in multiple sclerosis opens up a new therapeutic approach to explore and highlight some candidate biomarker targets in MS

Clinical guidelines for late-onset Pompe disease

English version available at www.neurologia.comHasta 2006, la enfermedad de Pompe o glucogenosis tipo II era una enfermedad incurable y con tratamiento meramente paliativo. El desarrollo de la terapia de sustitución con la enzima α-glucosidasa recombinante humana ha constituido el primer tratamiento específico para esta enfermedad. El objetivo de esta guía es servir de referencia en el manejo de la variedad de inicio tardío de la enfermedad de Pompe, es decir, la que aparece después del primer año de vida. En la guía, un grupo de expertos españoles hace recomendaciones específicas en cuanto a diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de esta enfermedad. En cuanto al diagnóstico, el método de la muestra en sangre seca es imprescindible como primer paso para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Pompe, y el diagnóstico de confirmación de la enfermedad de Pompe debe realizarse mediante un estudio de la actividad enzimática en muestra líquida en linfocitos aislados o mediante el análisis mutacional del gen de la alfa-glucosidasa. En cuanto al tratamiento de la enfermedad con terapia de sustitución enzimática, los expertos afirman que es eficaz en la mejoría o estabilización de la función motora y pulmonar, y debe iniciarse cuando aparezcan los síntomas atribuibles a la enfermedad de PompeBefore 2006, Pompe disease or glycogenosis storage disease type II was an incurable disease whose treatment was merely palliative. The development of a recombinant human alpha-glucosidase enzymatic replacement therapy has become the first specific treatment for this illness. The aim of this guide is to serve as reference for the management of the late-onset Pompe disease, the type of Pompe disease that develops after one year of age. In the guide a group of Spanish experts make specific recommendations about diagnosis, follow-up and treatment of this illness. With regard to diagnosis, the dried blood spots method is essential as the first step for the diagnosis of Pompe disease. The confirmation of the diagnosis of Pompe disease must be made by means of an study of enzymatic activity in isolated lymphocytes or a mutation analysis of the alpha-glucosidase gene. With regard to treatment with enzymatic replacement therapy, the experts say that is effective improving or stabilizating the motor function and the respiratory function and it must be introduced when the first symptoms attributable to Pompe disease appea

Acetylome in Human Fibroblasts From Parkinson's Disease Patients

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. The pathogenesis of this disease is associated with gene and environmental factors. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most frequent genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. Moreover, posttranslational modifications, including protein acetylation, are involved in the molecular mechanism of PD. Acetylation of lysine proteins is a dynamic process that is modulated in PD. In this descriptive study, we characterized the acetylated proteins and peptides in primary fibroblasts from idiopathic PD (IPD) and genetic PD harboring G2019S or R1441G LRRK2 mutations. Identified acetylated peptides are modulated between individuals' groups. Although acetylated nuclear proteins are the most represented in cells, they are hypoacetylated in IPD. Results display that the level of hyperacetylated and hypoacetylated peptides are, respectively, enhanced in genetic PD and in IPD cells

Preclinical characterization of antagomiR-218 as a potential treatment for myotonic dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a rare neuromuscular disease caused by expansion of unstable CTG repeats in a non-coding region of the DMPK gene. CUG expansions in mutant DMPK transcripts sequester MBNL1 proteins in ribonuclear foci. Depletion of this protein is a primary contributor to disease symptoms such as muscle weakness and atrophy and myotonia, yet upregulation of endogenous MBNL1 levels may compensate for this sequestration. Having previously demonstrated that antisense oligonucleotides against miR-218 boost MBNL1 expression and rescue phenotypes in disease models, here we provide preclinical characterization of an antagomiR-218 molecule using the HSALR mouse model and patient-derived myotubes. In HSALR, antagomiR-218 reached 40-60 pM 2weeks after injection, rescued molecular and functional phenotypes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and showed a good toxicity profile after a single subcutaneous administration. In muscle tissue, antagomiR rescued the normal subcellular distribution of Mbnl1 and did not alter the proportion of myonuclei containing CUG foci. In patient-derived cells, antagomiR-218 improved defective fusion and differentiation and rescued up to 34% of the gene expression alterations found in the transcriptome of patient cells. Importantly, miR-218 was found to be upregulated in DM1 muscle biopsies, pinpointing this microRNA (miRNA) as a relevant therapeutic target.This work was funded by research grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, including funds from FEDER, to M.P.-A. and B.L. (PI17/00352) and HR17-00268 (TATAMI project) from the “la Caixa” Banking Foundation to R.A. I.G.-M. was funded by the Precipita Project titled “Desarrollo de una terapia innovadora contra la distrofia miotónica,” E.C.-H. and J.M.F.-C. were supported by the post-doctoral fellowships APOSTD/2019/142 and APOSTD/2017/088 from the Fondo Social Europeo for science and investigation, while J.E.-E. was the recipient of a Santiago Grisolia fellowship (Grisolip2018/098) from the Generalidad Valenciana. Part of the equipment employed in this work has been funded by Generalitat Valenciana and co-financed with ERDF funds (OP ERDF of Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020). Antibody MB1a (4A8) was provided by MDA Monoclonal Antibody Resource

Guía clínica de la enfermedad de Pompe de inicio tardío

Hasta 2006, la enfermedad de Pompe o glucogenosis tipo II era una enfermedad incurable y con tratamiento meramente paliativo. El desarrollo de la terapia de sustitución con la enzima α-glucosidasa recombinante humana ha constituido el primer tratamiento específico para esta enfermedad. El objetivo de esta guía es servir de referencia en el manejo de la variedad de inicio tardío de la enfermedad de Pompe, es decir, la que aparece después del primer año de vida. En la guía, un grupo de expertos españoles hace recomendaciones específicas en cuanto a diagnóstico, seguimiento y tratamiento de esta enfermedad. En cuanto al diagnóstico, el método de la muestra en sangre seca es imprescindible como primer paso para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Pompe, y el diagnóstico de confirmación de la enfermedad de Pompe debe realizarse mediante un estudio de la actividad enzimática en muestra líquida en linfocitos aislados o mediante el análisis mutacional del gen de la alfa-glucosidasa. En cuanto al tratamiento de la enfermedad con terapia de sustitución enzimática, los expertos afirman que es eficaz en la mejoría o estabilización de la función motora y pulmonar, y debe iniciarse cuando aparezcan los síntomas atribuibles a la enfermedad de Pompe.

Dysautonomia in COVID-19 patients: a narrative review on clinical course, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

IntroductionOn March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization sounded the COVID-19 pandemic alarm. While efforts in the first few months focused on reducing the mortality of infected patients, there is increasing data on the effects of long-term infection (Post-COVID-19 condition). Among the different symptoms described after acute infection, those derived from autonomic dysfunction are especially frequent and limiting. ObjectiveTo conduct a narrative review synthesizing current evidence of the signs and symptoms of dysautonomia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, together with a compilation of available treatment guidelines. ResultsAutonomic dysfunction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs at different temporal stages. Some of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include direct tissue damage, immune dysregulation, hormonal disturbances, elevated cytokine levels, and persistent low-grade infection. Acute autonomic dysfunction has a direct impact on the mortality risk, given its repercussions on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Iatrogenic autonomic dysfunction is a side effect caused by the drugs used and/or admission to the intensive care unit. Finally, late dysautonomia occurs in 2.5% of patients with Post-COVID-19 condition. While orthostatic hypotension and neurally-mediated syncope should be considered, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) appears to be the most common autonomic phenotype among these patients. A review of diagnostic and treatment guidelines focused on each type of dysautonomic condition was done. ConclusionSymptoms deriving from autonomic dysfunction involvement are common in those affected by COVID-19. These symptoms have a great impact on the quality of life both in the short and medium to long term. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of Post-COVID manifestations that affect the autonomic nervous system, and targeted therapeutic management could help reduce the sequelae of COVID-19, especially if we act in the earliest phases of the disease

Delay of EGF-Stimulated EGFR Degradation in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (DM1)

Funding Information: This research was supported by the Isabel Gemio Foundation (P18–13) and was also partially supported by the “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER) from the European Union. E.A.-C. was supported by a pre-doctoral fellowship of Valhondo Calaff Foundation. S.C.-C. and E.U.-C. were supported by FPU fellowships (FPU19/04435 and FPU16/00684, respectively) from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain. M.P.-B. and A.G.-B. received fellowships from the “Plan Propio de Iniciación a la Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación (Universidad de Extremadura). M.N.-S. was supported by the “Ramon y Cajal” Program (RYC-2016–20883), and P.G.-S., was funded by “Juan de la Cierva Incorporación” Program (IJC2019–039229-I), Spain. S.M.S.Y.-D. was supported by the Isabel Gemio Foundation and CIBERNED (CB06/05/0041). J.M.F received research support from the Isabel Gemio Foundation and the “Instituto de Salud Carlos” III, CIBERNED (CB06/05/0041). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by a CTG repeat expansion in the 3′ untranslated region of the dystrophia myotonica protein kinase gene. AKT dephosphorylation and autophagy are associated with DM1. Autophagy has been widely studied in DM1, although the endocytic pathway has not. AKT has a critical role in endocytosis, and its phosphorylation is mediated by the activation of tyrosine kinase receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF-activated EGFR triggers the internalization and degradation of ligand–receptor complexes that serve as a PI3K/AKT signaling platform. Here, we used primary fibroblasts from healthy subjects and DM1 patients. DM1-derived fibroblasts showed increased autophagy flux, with enlarged endosomes and lysosomes. Thereafter, cells were stimulated with a high concentration of EGF to promote EGFR internalization and degradation. Interestingly, EGF binding to EGFR was reduced in DM1 cells and EGFR internalization was also slowed during the early steps of endocytosis. However, EGF-activated EGFR enhanced AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels in the DM1-derived fibroblasts. Therefore, there was a delay in EGF-stimulated EGFR endocytosis in DM1 cells; this alteration might be due to the decrease in the binding of EGF to EGFR, and not to a decrease in AKT phosphorylation.publishersversionpublishe